Final Exam: Lower Extremity

Question 1

What joint allows weight to be transferred from the sacrum to the ilium?

Answer 1

SI joint

Question 2

How much of the acetabulum is made up of each of the three bones?

Answer 2

ischium = 2/5
ilium = 2/5
pubis = 1/5

Question 3

The iliolumbar ligament is an extension of what muscle?

Answer 3

quadratus lumborum

Question 4

What is the remnant of spinous processes of the different sacral vertebrae called?

Answer 4

median sacral crest (sacrum used to be 5 bones)

Question 5

What is the lumbosacral joint? What supports it?

Answer 5

• joint between L5 and S1

- supported by iliolumbar ligament and the strong articulation between the facet joints

Question 6

T/F: The sacrum is covered by fibrocartilage.

Answer 6

FALSE, sacrum covered by hyaline cartilage (ilium is covered by fibrocartilage)

Question 7

What is the strongest SI joint ligament?

Answer 7

interosseus, fills the space between the sacrum and ilium

Question 8

Where do the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments run from?

Answer 8

sacrotuberous = sacrum to ischial tuberosity
sacrospinous = sacrum to ischial spine

Question 9

What ligaments all secure the SI joint?

Answer 9

interosseus, post./ant. SI ligaments, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, iliolumbar

Question 10

T/F: Iliolumbar helps secure the SI joint.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

The three bones of the hip are originally separated by what in eutero?

Answer 11

hyaline cartilage

Question 12

T/F: The pubic symphysis contains synovial fluid and hyaline cartilage.

Answer 12

false, no synovial fluid (but yes hyaline cartilage)

Question 13

What ligament encloses the sciatic notches? Which ligament divides them into greater and lesser?

Answer 13

sacrotuberous; sacrospinous

Question 14

What goes through the obturator canal?

Answer 14

Obturator nerve and artery

Question 15

In the SI joint, if the sacral promontory moves forward and the coccyx moves posteriorly, what kind of motion is this called?

Answer 15

nutation (flexion)

Question 16

In the SI joint, if the sacral promontory moves backward and coccyx moves forward, what kind of motion is this?

Answer 16

counternutation

Question 17

What happens to the SI joint with age?

Answer 17

• in childhood, the joint is flat
• as you age, the surfaces become concave and convex due to weight bearing
• in elderly: joint space narrows and the joint surface becomes irregular

Question 18

Which muscle is a marker for the inferior and superior gluteal arteries?

Answer 18

piriformis

Question 19

Discuss the path of the internal pudendal artery and nerve.

Answer 19

they exit greater sciatic foramen, cross over sacrospinous ligament and dive back in via lesser sciatic foramen