Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Final Exam: Abdominal Cavity > Flashcards

Final Exam: Abdominal Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What two plans divide up the abdomen into four quadrats?

A

midsaggital plane and transumbilical plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If a patient claims of pain in his lower left quadrant, what viscera do you need to consider?

A

sigmoid colon, inferior descending colon, left ovary and fallopian tube, left ureter, left spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What parts make up the large intestine, in order?

A
  • the ilium of the SI dumps into the LI, which begins with the cecum
  • cecum -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the flow of the small intestine.

A

1) duodenum comes off pylorus of the stomach; smallest and first part of the SI
2) jejunum
3) ilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where would you find pain if a patient has a ruptured appendix?

A

right lower quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What contents make up the right upper quadrant?

A

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, superior ascending colon, pylorus of stomach, some duodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney, right transverse colon, right adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which abdominal quadrant is the spleen in?

A

left upper quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the fascia above and below the umbilicus. What layer continues as colles fascia, and where does this go?

A
  • above: camper fascia (superficial fatty layer)
  • below: camper fascia and scarpa fascia
    • (scarpa = deep membranous layer that continues as colles fascia in perineal region)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the superior bony marking of the abdominal wall?

A

xiphoid process and costal margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The linea alba is a fusion of what? What is the linea semilunaris?

A
  • fusion between the right and left halves of the rectus sheath
  • linea semilunaris = lateral border of rectus sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Rectus abdominus is a major core stabilizer.

A
  • false; doesn’t originate on thoracolumbar fascia so it’s not a core stabilizer
  • external oblique doesn’t core stabilize either
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What actions does the internal abdominal oblique do?

A
  • ipsilateral side bend
  • ipsilateral trunk rotation
  • bilateral trunk flexion
  • eccentric extension
    • external oblique does same, just contralateral rotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What muscle tenses the linea alba?

A

pyramidalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What way do the external oblique muscle fibers run?

A

same as external intercostals, inward like your hands in your pockets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do external and internal obliques rotate the trunk?

A

external contralateral rotation, internal ipsilateral rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What muscles do the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1 branches) help innervate?

A

internal obliques and transverse abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which oblique is a very important core stabilizer?

A

transverse abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is diastasis recti? What can cause it? How do we treat it?

A
  • condition where the linea alba is stretched and abdominal wall is separated (rectus abdominus sides further apart, 2-3 finger breadths)
  • poor ab strength or pregnancy can cause this
  • treat with core stabilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

lower part of transverse abdominus, joints with the internal oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The inguinal ligament is a continuation of what? What is the lacunar ligament?

A
  • continuation from aponeurosis of external oblique and attaches to pubic tubercle
  • lacunar lig = medial, thicker part of inguinal ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What muscle should be one of the first core contractors for movements such as vacuuming, reaching, etc? What muscle co-contracts with it?

A

transverse abdominus and multifidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The delayed onset of contraction for the transverse abdominus indicates what?

A

motor control deficit and inefficient muscle stabilization for spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the arcuate line, and why is it significant? What’s found above and below it?

A
  • arcute line is the inferior marker of the rectus sheath; it’s the horizontal division between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis
  • above line = rectus sheath
  • below = no rectus sheath, just transversalis fascia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the rectus sheath? How is it formed?

A
  • fibrous compartment of the rectus abdominal muscle

- formed from the lateral abdominal muscles coming in and enclosing the rectus abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T/F: Between the ASIS and pubis, there are still oblique muscles there forming the posterior wall.

A

false, all muscles form anterior wall between the ASIS and pubis area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What muscle splits to enclose the rectus abdominus?

A

internal oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What muscles form the anterior and posterior walls ABOVE the arcuate line? What about below the line?

A

ABOVE line:

  • anterior = external oblique, half of internal oblique
  • posterior = half of internal oblique, transverse abdominus

BELOW line:

  • anterior = all muscles
  • posterior = transversalis fascia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What nerve supplies the skin to the upper inguinal region?

A

iliohypogastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What nerve supplies the skin over lower inguinal region to thigh?

A

ilioinguinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What makes the border of the lumbar triangles? Why are these potential sites for herniation?

A
  • borders = latissimus dorsi, iliac crest, external oblique

- not much muscle in the triangle, so viscera can get pushed through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What abdominal muscles attach onto the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

transverse abdominus and internal obliques (lats and multifidus do as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the nerve supply for the abdominal region?

A

thoracoabdominal nervers, ilioinguinal, and iliohypogastric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T/F: External oblique attaches on the thoracolumbar fascia.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What’s the strongest layer of the thoracolumbar fascia and where is it found? What does it insert on?

A
  • posterior layer is strongest, found superficial to erector spinae
  • surrounds erector spinae and multifidus
  • inserts on SI ligaments, sacral crest, and sacrotuberous ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Discuss the three layers of the thoracolumbar fascia.

A

1) anterior layer: in front of quadratus lumborum
2) middle layer: between quadratus lumborum and erector spinae
3) posterior layer: behind erector spinae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How is the iliolumbar ligament formed?

A

via thickening of the anterior layer of the thoracolumbar fasica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

During fetal development, what are the walls of the inguinal canal made up of?

A

abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What causes the testes to drop and when?

A

In the 5th week of development, there’s a surge of hormones that cause the testes to drop from posterior abdominal wall because it’s too warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What tugs on the testes to pull them down?

A

gubernaculum pulls them through inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The testes are originally fixed on the posterior abdominal wall by what ligament?

A

suspensatory (diaphragmatic) ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the opening to the inguinal canal called? What’s the entryway?

A

deep ring is the opening to the inguinal canal, and through the transversalis fascia is the entryway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

the cord of nerves, lymphs, vessels, and muscles brought down with the descention of the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the exit point of the inguinal canal, and what is the exitway?

A

exit point is superficial ring via the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

T/F: Layers of the abdominal wall are brought down as the testes descend.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Explain the path the testes take when they descend.

A
  • tugged by gubernaculum through the deep ring (via transversalis fascia) and then through the superficial ring (via aponeurosis of ext. oblique) and into the scrotum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What’s the path of the round ligament for females?

A

ligaments begins at uterus, pierces through deep ring, exits via superficial ring and inserts on the labia majora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are potential sites for hernias discussed in this chapter?

A
  • diastisis recti
  • lumbar triangles
  • deep and superficial inguinal rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where is the deep ring located?

A

halfway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

T/F: The deep ring lies medial to the inferior epigastric artery.

A
  • false, lies lateral

- the SUPERFICIAL ring lies medial to the inf. epigastric a.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Where is the superficial ring located?

A

slightly above and lateral to pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the lacunar ligament?

A

thickening of the external oblique aponeurosis; attaches to pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does the cremastor muscle do? What’s it innervated by?

A
  • draws testes up to protect them from cold

- supply = genital branch of genital femoral a.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is cut in a vasectomy?

A

vas deferens; they carry sperm from testes to seminal vessicles

54
Q

T/F: The vas deferens is not a part of the spermatic cord.

A

false, it is

55
Q

T/F: Direct/ indirect hernias can be classified as either inguinal or femoral hernias.

A

false, direct and indirect hernias are strictly INGUINAL hernias

56
Q

Ovarian and gonadal arteries are direct branches of what?

A

abdominal aorta

57
Q

Describe how the testicular/ovarian veins drain.

A
  • L. testicular vein drains into L. renal vein
  • R. testicular vein drains into IVC
    (same goes for ovarian veins)
58
Q

Where are femoral and inguinal hernias located? Which gender has which kind of hernia?

A 
femoral = below and lateral to pubic tubercle (female)
inguinal = above and medial to pubic tubercle (male)
59
Q

What are the qualifications for a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A

DIRECT

  • dives straight into inguinal canal, only goes through superficial ring
  • medial to the inf. epigastric a.

INDIRECT

  • must pass through deep ring
  • lateral to the inf. epigastric a.
60
Q

What are the common causes for the direct and indirect hernias?

A

1) direct = superficial ring; weak ab wall, mostly in older men
2) indirect = deep ring; congenital weakness in inguinal canal

61
Q

Name the contents of the spermatic cord.

A
  • testicular v.
  • vas deferens & its arteries
  • genital branch of genital femoral a.
62
Q

Which hernia protrudes through Hasselbach’s triangle?

A

(inguinal triangle) so, direct inguinal hernia does

63
Q

What are the boundaries of Hasselbach’s, or inguinal, triangle?

A

1) lateral border of rectus abdominus
2) inferior epigastric vessels
3) inguinal ligament

64
Q

Where is the direct hernia in regards to the inferior epigastric a.?

A

direct = medial to inf. epigastric a.

65
Q

Where will you find an epigastric hernia? Why are they caused?

A

between xiphoid process and umbilicus; common from obesity

66
Q

Abdominal viscera still piercing through in an infant is an example of what kind of hernia?

A

umbilical hernia

67
Q

What are the three divisions of the gut?

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

68
Q

What are the contents of the foregut?

A

“Some Prefer Good Liquor Some Like Dirty martinis”

Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
Spleen
Lower end of esophagus
Duodenum (1st part)
69
Q

What are the innervations of the gut?

A
  • fore and mid = vagus
  • hind = pelvic splanchnic
  • sympathetic fibers throughout, off lateral horns
70
Q

What is the blood supply for the gut?

A 
fore = celiac artery
mid = superior mesenteric a.
hind = inferior mesenteric a.
71
Q

In which gut division would you find most of the small intestine?

A

midgut

72
Q

In which gut division would you find the spleen?

A

foregut

73
Q

What enlarges through the physiologic herniation during embryological development?

A
  • liver englarges and the midgut herniates through the umbilicus, but then the liver reduces in size and it unherniates
  • if that doesn’t happen, the baby is born with its organs still outside
74
Q

How do the curvatures of the stomach form?

A

From the midgut rotating around the superior mesenteric a., taking the stomach with it and creating curvatures

75
Q

What portion of the duodenum unites with the jejunum?

A

ascending

76
Q

In what 3 areas can hernias develop on wall?

A

umbilical, epigastric, inguinal

77
Q

How can the transverse abdominus be a cause of low back pain?

A

if it’s not contracting prior to movement, it’s not protecting and stabilizing spine, so poor performance of this muscle can cause low back pain

78
Q

Pelvic splanchnic innervates what part of the gut?

A

hindgut (vagus does the fore and mid)

79
Q

T/F: Spleen is posterior to stomach and lateral to kidney.

A

true

80
Q

Where are the adrenal glands and what do they do?

A

sit atop the kidney and secrete norepi and epi and cortisol

81
Q

Where is bile stored? What’s its path into the small intestine?

A
  • stored in liver
  • goes from liver to gallbladder via hepatic duct
  • released via bile duct into the duodenum
82
Q

If the patient experiences pain when the iliopsoas muscle contracts, what organs lie near this muscle to raise concern?

A

appendix

83
Q

Where do the kidneys lie? Why is this important?

A

posterior abdominal wall from T12-L3; could be reason for back pain and be tender to palpate

84
Q

Where is the esophageal opening?

A

T10

85
Q

When the stomach slips through the diaphragm, what is this called?

A

hiatal hernia

86
Q

What does the hindgut contain?

A

“Descending RATS”

Descending colon
Rectum
Anus
Transverse colon (distal 1/3)
Sigmoid colon
87
Q

What innervates the hindgut?

A

pelvic splanchnic and sympathetic fibers from lateral horns

88
Q

What is the blood supply to the stomach?

A

celiac trunk

89
Q

What is a common cause of peptic ulcers?

A

h pyloric bacterium, so need to take antibiotic

90
Q

What does rebound tenderness indicate?

A
  • something wrong in the parietal layer

pain when rebounding touch from abdomen

91
Q

T/F: Mesentary/omentum is attached to the stomach and can wall off infection.

A

true; greater at greater curviture, lesser at lesser curviture

92
Q

In what part of the intestine does most absorption take place?

A

jejunum

93
Q

How long does it take food to pass through the SI?

A

4-5 hours

94
Q

What levels of the spine does the duodenum span?

A

L1-3

95
Q

What portion of the duodenum communicates with the stomach?

A

superior portion (1)

96
Q

Which part of the duodenum has little holes for ducts of pancreas and bile duct?

A

descending portion (2)

97
Q

What branches off the celiac a.?

A

splenic a., hepatic a., left gastric a.

98
Q

In what quadrant does the ilium enter into the secum?

A

lower right quadrant

99
Q

What intestine has longitudinal bands and haustra?

A

long intestine

100
Q

Where is most water absorbed in digestion?

A

LI

101
Q

How long does it take for stool to pass through and water to be absorbed?

A

32 hours

102
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

inflammed pouches/lining in the LI

103
Q

What does the spleen do? At what vertebral level is it found?

A
  • cleans up blood, but we can live without it

- at ribs 9-11

104
Q

Explain where the spleen is in relation to the diaphragm and kidney and stomach.

A
  • stomach lies on top of spleen
  • spleen is lateral to kidney
  • diaphragm is behind spleen
  • tail of pancreas is at medial hylum of spleen (pancreas is behind stomach)
105
Q

T/F: Pancreas is only an exocrine gland.

A

false, endocrine and exocrine

106
Q

What does the pancreas release?

A

insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose

107
Q

What is the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

beginning of pancreas, followed by head, neck, body, and tail

108
Q

What does the coronary ligament of the diaphragm do?

A

attaches the diaphragm to the liver

109
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

liver

110
Q

Where does the liver get its blood supply?

A

portal vein and hepatic artery

111
Q

Where are vitamin A and glycogen stored?

A

in the liver

112
Q

What makes up the portal triad?

A

bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

113
Q

What is the left sagittal fissure of the liver formed by?

A

the ligamentum venosum (used to be ductus venosus)

114
Q

T/F: The portal triad can be found in the left sagittal fissure.

A

false, found in the transverse fissure

115
Q

Discuss the path of bile.

A

made and stored in liver until needed to emulsify fats in digestion, then travels to gallbladder via hepatic duct and then released to duodenum via cystic duct

116
Q

Where’s the opening for the IVC in the diaphragm? Where’s the aortic hiatus?

A

IVC = T8

aortic hiatus = T12

117
Q

What are the actions of quadratus lumborum?

A

bilateral extension, ipsilateral flexion, fixes 12th rib

118
Q

What can cause gallstones?

A

Bile can become a stone wedged in the duct and gallbladder gets inflammed

119
Q

What three areas can constrict the ureter?

A

1) renal pelvis
2) brim
3) bladder

120
Q

T/F: Ureters can cause referred pain from loin to groin.

A

true

121
Q

What nerve roots make up the lumbar plexus? What nerves?

A 
L1-5
• iliohypogastric/ ilioinguinal = L1
• genitofemoral  = L1-2
• lateral cutaneous nerve to thigh = L2-3
• femoral and obturator = L2-4
122
Q

T/F: Lateral cutaneous nerve to thigh runs over the inguinal ligament.

A

false, passes deep to it

123
Q

What structure overlies the renal vein?

A

SMA

124
Q

How does an anneurism occur? Where do they typically develop?

A
  • aterial walls weaken and blood wells up, can cause artery to rupture and for the patient to bleed out
  • typically develop below renal artery, right above bifurcation
125
Q

What is the blood supply for the adrenal gland?

A

renal a.

126
Q

T/F: Suprarenal, renal, and gonadal arteries are all directly off the abdominal aorta.

A

true

127
Q

What veins create the portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric and splenic veins

128
Q

Explain drainage of excess water/salts in the kidney.

A

drains into pyramids -> callyces -> major callyces -> renal pelvis

129
Q

What is meralgia parasthetica?

A

extra fat impinging the lateral cutaneous nerve to thigh in obese people

130
Q

What causes caput medusae?

A

anastemosis between the portal vein and the umbilical region; liver engorges and blood backs up into the umbilical region

131
Q

What 4 areas anastemose or communicate with the portal vein system?

A

1) rectum (causing hemrrhoids)
2) lower esophagus
3) periumbilical region
4) abdominal viscera (duodenum/pancreas)

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions