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BIOL240W > Final Exam - Endocrine System (parts 1, 2, and 3) > Flashcards

Final Exam - Endocrine System (parts 1, 2, and 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of human hormones?

A
  • generally secreted by endocrine glands directly into circulatory system
  • trigger a change in another organ’s activities
  • affect only certain target cells that have the specific receptor of the hormone
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2
Q

What are the two main classes of hormones?

A
  • amino acid-based hormones

- steroids

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3
Q

How do hormones act?

A

based on chemical nature and receptor location

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

A
  • act on plasma membrane receptors
  • act via G protein second messengers
  • cannot enter cell
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

A
  • act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
  • can enter cell
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of hormone levels in the blood?

A
  • controlled by negative feedback systems

- levels vary only within narrow, desirable ranges

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7
Q

What are the three types of endocrine gland stimuli?

A
  • humoral stimuli: blood
  • neural stimuli: nerve fibers
  • hormonal stimuli: other hormones
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8
Q

How does humoral stimuli work?

A

changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate secretion of hormones

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9
Q

How does neural stimuli work?

A

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

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10
Q

How does hormonal stimuli work?

A

hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of nervous system modulation?

A
  • nervous system can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed by stimulating or inhibiting endocrine glands
  • can override normal endocrine controls in extreme circumstances
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12
Q

What three factors impact target cell activation?

A
  • blood levels of hormone
  • relative number of receptors on/in target cell
  • affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
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13
Q

What is up-regulation, in terms of target cell receptors?

A

target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels

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14
Q

What is down-regulation, in terms of target cell receptors?

A

targets cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels, which desensitizes the target cells

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15
Q

When does the nervous system tend to act vs when does the endocrine system tend to act?

A
  • nervous system acts when an immediate or short-term response is needed
  • endocrine system acts when the response can last over a longer time period
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the hypothalamus?

A
  • portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions
  • links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
  • connected to pituitary gland via infundibulum
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17
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A
  • posterior pituitary

- anterior pituitary

18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

composed of neural tissue that secretes neurohormones

19
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

consists of glandular tissue

20
Q

What are the characteristics of the pituitary-hypothalamic relationship for the posterior pituitary?

A
  • posterior lobe is neural tissue derived from a downgrowth of the brain
  • maintains neural connection to hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
  • hypothalamus secretes oxytocin and ADH, which are stored in axon terminals in posterior pituitary
21
Q

What are the characteristics of the pituitary-hypothalamic relationship for the anterior pituitary?

A
  • anterior lobe is glandular
  • vascular connection to the hypothalamus via hypophyseal portal system
  • hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion
22
Q

What are the characteristics of oxytocin?

A
  • strong stimulant of uterine contractions
  • acts as hormonal trigger for milk ejection
  • neurotransmitter in brain
  • positive feedback
23
Q

What are the characteristics of ADH?

A
  • hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute conc.
  • if solute conc. is too high, posterior pituitary secretes ADH
  • targets nephrons to reabsorb more water
  • inhibited by alcohol and diuretics
24
Q

What are the anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  • growth hormone
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (tropic)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (tropic)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (tropic)
  • luteinizing hormone tropic)
  • prolactin
25
Q

What are the characteristics of growth hormone?

A
  • has a direct action on metabolism
  • indirect action on growth
  • stimulates most cells to enlarge and divide, especially bone and muscle cells
26
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid-stimulating hormone?

A
  • stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid gland
  • release is triggered by TRH from hypothalamus
  • inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
27
Q

What are the characteristics of ACTH?

A
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

- trigged by hypothalamic CRH

28
Q

What are the characteristics of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)?

A
  • secreted by gonadotropic cells of anterior pituitary
  • FSH stimulates gamete production
  • LH promotes gonadal hormone production
  • triggered by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
29
Q

What are the characteristics of prolactin?

A
  • secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
  • stimulates milk production in females
  • regulated by prolactin-inhibiting hormone
30
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid hormone (TH)?

A
  • body’s major metabolic hormone
  • inactive form is T4 (thyroxine
  • active form is T3 (triiodothyronine)
  • iodine-containing amine hormones
31
Q

What are the effects of thyroid hormone?

A
  • increased basal metabolic rate and heat production
  • regulation of tissue growth and development
  • maintained blood pressure
32
Q

What are the characteristics of thyroid hormone regulation?

A
  • release is regulated by negative feedback
  • falling TH levels stimulate release of TSH, rising TH levels prevent TSH production
  • negative feedback can be overcome during pregnancy or cold exposure
33
Q

What are the characteristics of the adrenal gland?

A
  • paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys
  • structurally and functionally two glands in one
  • consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
34
Q

What is the role of mineralocorticoids?

A

regulate electrolyte concentrations

35
Q

What are the characteristics of aldosterone?

A
  • most potent mineralocorticoid

- stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ elimination in kidneys

36
Q

What are the characteristics of glucocorticoids?

A
  • influence metabolism of most cells
  • help us resist stressors
  • keep blood glucose levels constant
  • maintain blood pressure
37
Q

What are the main glucocorticoid hormones?

A
  • cortisol
  • cortisone
  • corticosterone
38
Q

What are gonadocorticoids?

A

weak androgens converted to testosterone and estrogens in the gonads

39
Q

What is the role of the adrenal medulla?

A

synthesize catecholamines, primary epinephrine and norepinephrine

40
Q

What are the effects of catecholamines?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increased heart rate
  • increased blood glucose levels
  • blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
41
Q

What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A
  • stage one: alarm reaction
  • stage two: stage of resistance
  • stage three: stage of exhaustion
42
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A

to secrete insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels

BIOL240W (23 decks)

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