Final Exam Chapters 7-8

Question 1

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 1

poor memory of events that happened before brain injury

Question 2

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

poor memory of events that occur after brain injury

Question 3

Explicit memory branches

Answer 3

• procedural - skills, habits
• priming - perceptual, conceptual
• classical conditioning - association between stimuli
• non associative - habituation sensation

Question 4

Implicit memory branches

Answer 4

• episodic - events
• semantic - facts

Question 5

Short term memory & working memory

Answer 5

A system we use to temporarily store, think about, & reason with information.

Question 6

Explicit long term memory

Answer 6

Declarative

Question 7

Implicit long term memory

Answer 7

Non-declarative

Question 8

Episodic memory

Answer 8

Events - specific to personal experience
- iconic and echoic
- hippocampus is needed for connecting memories but later is no longer needed

Question 9

Semantic memory

Answer 9

Facts - independent from personal experience
- medial temporal lobe

Question 10

Procedural memory

Answer 10

Skills & habits - motor & cognition
-procedural memories are resistant to decay
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum

Question 11

Perceptual representation

Answer 11

the brains ability to transform sensory stimuli into levels of perceptual experience

Question 12

Encoding

Answer 12

Incoming information is processed prior to storage

Question 13

Serial position effect

Answer 13

The ability to recall items from a list dependent on order ( beginning & end is easier to remember)
- primary effect - beginning
- recency effect - end

Question 14

Shallow processing

Answer 14

Structure encoding

Question 15

Deep processing

Answer 15

Semantic encoding - “what does this mean?”
- elaboration, visual imagery, self-relevant encoding

Question 16

Intermediate processing

Answer 16

Phonemic

Question 17

Network of association

Answer 17

Organized structure of knowledge and memories

Question 18

Schemes/ schemas

Answer 18

Storage of information at a higher level (top-down) - cognitive structures in semantic memory that help to perceive, organize and understand memories

Question 19

Scripts

Answer 19

describing a specific set of events that occur for an event

Question 20

Free recall

Answer 20

Person is asked to recall information without explicit retrieval cues

Question 21

Cued recall

Answer 21

Person is given explicit retrieval cues

Question 22

Central executive

Answer 22

• prefrontal cortex- includes input from thalamus and other cortical associated areas

Question 23

Temporal sequences

Answer 23

What happened and what to do next

Question 24

Working memory

Answer 24

Attention, comparisons, problem solving, following conversations, organizing ongoing behavioural patterns

Question 25

Blocking

Answer 25

When people temporarily gave trouble retrieving the right word usually from an inference

Question 26

Short term memory

Answer 26

-A temporal memory that process m types of information - often referred to as working memory - without rehearsal is easily forgotten - can hold limited info -4-7 items at once

Question 27

Sensory memory

Answer 27

-Temporary memory related to a sensory stimulus - short last impression on the nervous system - iconic, echoic

Question 28

Long term memory

Answer 28

- Can last a few minutes till forever - long duration & higher capacity -requires consolidation

Question 29

Long term potentiation

Answer 29

The process of changing neural connections by strengthening synaptic connections making the post-synaptic neutrons more easily activated

Question 30

Primacy effect

Answer 30

The memory for things at the beginning of the list

Question 31

Recency effect

Answer 31

The memory for the things at the end of a list

Question 32

Flash build memories

Answer 32

Vivid memories that enable you to remember circumstances on which lead to an emotional memory

Question 33

Reconsolidation

Answer 33

Memory dating or strengthening when recalling a memory again

Question 34

Context-dependent memory

Answer 34

When the recall situation on is similar to the encoded situation

Question 35

State-dependent memory

Answer 35

Memory can be enhanced by ones internal state

Question 36

Retrieval induced forgetting

Answer 36

When the retrieval of a long-term memory impairs the ability to recall a related item in the future

Question 37

Cryptoamnesia

Answer 37

When people come up with a new idea that is actually an old memory

Question 38

Analogical representation

Answer 38

Mental representations that have some physical resemblance of what they represent

Question 39

Symbolic representation

Answer 39

Mental representations that do not represent the physical features of the object

Question 40

Prototype model

Answer 40

Created by Elenor rosch -each category has a best representation

Question 41

Exemplar model

Answer 41

By media and Schaffer - all members of a category can represent the group

Question 42

Representative heuristics

Answer 42

The tendency to place a person or thing in a category if they are similar to the prototype

Question 43

Psychometric test

Answer 43

Measuring intelligence focuses on now people perform on a standardized test that assesses mental ability

Question 44

Fluid intelligence

Answer 44

The ability to understand abstract relationships and think logically without prior knowledge

Question 45

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 45

Involves knowledge that was previously gained through experience and using the knowledge to solve problems

Question 46

Cattell

Answer 46

Two types of intelligences

Question 47

Howard gardener

Answer 47

Multiple intelligences

Question 48

Robert sternberg

Answer 48

Triarchic intelligences - analytical (academic), creative (solve novel problems & practical(everday tasks)

Question 49

Syntax

Answer 49

How words are combined into phrases, phrases into sentences

Question 50

Semantics

Answer 50

The system of meaning underling words, phrases, sentences

Question 51

Morphemes

Answer 51

The smallest unit that have meaning including suffixes and prefixes

Question 52

Phonemes

Answer 52

Basic sounds of speech

Question 53

Brocas area

Answer 53

Speech production

Question 54

Brocas aphasia

Answer 54

Inability to produce language

Question 55

Wernickes area

Answer 55

Speech comprehension

Question 56

Wernickes aphasia

Answer 56

Cannot comprehend language