Chapter 4

Question 1

phenomenon of qualia

Answer 1

Never know if we perceive the same way

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

The brain processing detected signals that results in internal interpretation of stimuli perception - only happens when we see an object

Question 3

consciousness and coma

Answer 3

• persistent vegetative state
• full consciousness
• minimal vegetative state (in-between) - is person “conscious” of some events & not other

Question 4

beta waves

Answer 4

Alert wakefulness

Question 5

alpha waves

Answer 5

Just before sleep

Question 6

sleep stages

Answer 6

1. Theta waves - light sleep - claims to be awake
2. Sleep spindle & k complex - amplitude deflection, asleep but responds to noise
3. Delta waves - difficult to wake, short, unresponsive
4. Bigger delta waves - difficult to wake, short, unresponsive

Question 7

theories of the function of sleep

Answer 7

1. Repair & restoration
2. Consolidation of memories
3. Safety/adaptive behaviour

Question 8

REM sleep

Answer 8

• low amplitude, irregular EEG (similar to waking brain)
• begins 70-90 min into sleep, reoccurs every hour or so
• change in physiological pattern: increased heart rate, darting eyes, twitching
• most report dreaming during REM

Question 9

obstructive sleep disorders

Answer 9

• sleep apnea: a disorder in which people, while asleep, stop breathing because their throat closes
• narcolepsy: a disorder in which people experience excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours
• REM behaviour disorder - people will act out their dreams

Question 10

traumatic brain injuries (TBI)

Answer 10

impairment in mental functioning caused by a blow to or very sharp movement of the head

Question 11

coma

Answer 11

allows for the brain to rest and heal - minimally conscious state

Question 12

brain death

Answer 12

the irreversible loss of brain function

Question 13

psychoactive drugs

Answer 13

causes change in mood, awareness, thoughts, feeling or behaviour

Question 14

stimulants

Answer 14

increase behavioural and mental activity by heightening activity of the CNS

Question 15

depressants

Answer 15

decrease behavioural and mental activity

Question 16

opioids

Answer 16

reduce the experience of pain, brings pleasure

Question 17

hallucinogens/ psychedelics

Answer 17

alter thought and perception

Question 18

function of REM sleep

Answer 18

• activation-synthesis: proposed by hobson, activity in brain structures in the absence of external stimulants and normal B activity
• threat rehearsal: proposed by Revonsuo, rehearsal for real-life situations

Question 19

biological rhythms

Answer 19

• physical cycles: circadian rhythm, biological activites that rise and fall along a 24-hour cycle
• master clock - suprachiasmatic neuclus of hypothalamus
• environment: light, the penial gland releases melatonin when dark

Question 20

change blindness

Answer 20

a failure to notice large changes in one environment - we can only consciously perceive a limited amount of information

Question 21

simon and levi

Answer 21

found that older people were less likely to notice changes

Question 22

shadowing

Answer 22

the procedure where the participant receives a different auditory message in each ear. the participant is then asked to repeat one of the messages. - if a participant hears their name in the other ear they will remember hearing it but not the rest of the message.

Question 23

donald broadbent

Answer 23

developed the theory that explains our selective nature - we have a limited capacity for sensory information and we screen incoming info based on relevance

Question 24

endogenous attention

Answer 24

attention that is directed and voluntary

Question 25

exogenous attention

Answer 25

attention that is directed involuntarily by a stimulus

Question 26

frank tong and colleagues

Answer 26

examined the relationship between conscious awareness and response in the brain - created an image where you could switch from object to another but not see both at the same time

Question 27

sir francis galton

Answer 27

mental activity below the level of conscious that can still influence behaviour/thought

Question 28

priming

Answer 28

facilitation in the response to a stimulant due to recent experience with that stimulus or related stimulus

Question 29

subliminal perception

Answer 29

the processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness

Question 30

automatic processing

Answer 30

occurs when a task is so well learned that we can do it without much attention

Question 31

controlled processing

Answer 31

slower than automatic processing - helps people preform in complex and novel situations