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A&P 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.

A

CORTISOL

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2
Q

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

A

loop of Henle

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3
Q

The ability of a male to ejaculate is due to the action of ________.

A

the bulbospongiosus muscles

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4
Q

Milk ejection or let-down reflex is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

A

oxytocin

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5
Q

Estrogen and progesterone maintain the integrity of the uterine lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk. Which of the following structures makes this possible during the first three months of pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum

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6
Q

The placenta, a vitally important metabolic organ, is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus. Which portion is from the fetus?

A

chorion

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7
Q

Which of the following is not a germ layer?

A

epiderm

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8
Q

The formation of endodermal and ectodermal germ layers occurs at ________.

A

gastrulation

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9
Q

One of the plates of the lateral mesoderm forms ________.

A

heart, blood vessels, and most connective tissues

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10
Q

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.

A

zygote, morula, blastocyst

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11
Q

Hormones concerned with events of lactation include ________.

A

oxytocin

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12
Q

Shortly after implantation ________.

A

the trophoblast forms two distinct layers

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13
Q

Which of the following glands are responsible for 60% of the synthesis of semen?

A

the seminal vesicles

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14
Q

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

A

GnRH

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15
Q

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called ________.

A

the fallopian tubes

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16
Q

Which of the following constitutes the female counterpart of the male scrotum?

A

the labia majora

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17
Q

Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.

A

they have the same number of chromosomes

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18
Q

The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.

A

meiosis

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19
Q

Spermiogenesis involves ________.

A

the formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of superfluous cytoplasm

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20
Q

In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.

A

identical

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21
Q

Effects of estrogen include ________.

A

growth of the breasts at puberty

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22
Q

Secretion of progesterone stimulates ________.

A

preparation of the mammary glands for lactation

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23
Q

The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.

A

interstitial cells

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24
Q

The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the ________.

A

sustentacular cells

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25
Q

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.

A

progesterone levels are at their highest

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26
Q

The seminal vesicles ________.

A

produce a yellowish fluid rich in fructose

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27
Q

The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.

A

transitional

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28
Q

Blood vessels of the renal columns are called ________.

A

interlobar

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29
Q

Which gland sits atop each kidney?

A

adrenal

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30
Q

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

A

arcuate

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31
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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32
Q

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is ________.

A

the nephron

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33
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.

A

regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure

34
Q

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

A

thymus gland

35
Q

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

A

enzyme

36
Q

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.

A

hormones

37
Q

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

A

is partly contained within the infundibulum

38
Q

Oxytocin ________.

A

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

39
Q

ADH ________.

A

is inhibited by alcohol

40
Q

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.

A

entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

41
Q

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.

A

hypophyseal portal system

42
Q

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.

A

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

43
Q

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.

A

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

44
Q

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.

A

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

45
Q

The major targets of growth hormone are ________.

A

bones and skeletal muscles

46
Q

Neural tissue is formed by the ________.

A

ectoderm

47
Q

At which stage of labor is the “afterbirth” expelled?

A

placental

48
Q

Which hormone is not produced by the placenta?

A

inhibin

49
Q

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?

A

The endometrium enters its secretory phase.

50
Q

Spermatogenesis ________.

A

involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes

51
Q

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

A

renal fascia

52
Q

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

A

changes in solute content of the filtrate

53
Q

Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

creatinine

54
Q

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.

A

inhibits the release of ADH

55
Q

Which statement is true about urine?

A

Urine has nitrogenous waste such as urea and uric acid.

56
Q

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

A

secondary active transport

57
Q

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.

A

aldosterone

58
Q

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?

A

epinephrine

59
Q

Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers.

A

An amino acid derivative can be a hormone.

60
Q

Which statement is correct?

A

Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.

61
Q

Using Figure 16.1, match the following:

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

A

D - ovaries

62
Q

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

A

B - pituitary

63
Q

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.

A

E - testes

64
Q

Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

A

C - adrenal

65
Q

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ.

A

A - hypothalamus

66
Q

Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

A

A - bones & muscles

67
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

A

C - testes / ovaries

68
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH).

A

B - mammary glands

69
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

A

E - adrenal cortex

70
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

A

D - thyroid

71
Q

Using Figure 25.1, match the following:

Glomerulus.

A

C

72
Q

Afferent arteriole.

A

A

73
Q

Collecting duct.

A

B

74
Q

Loop of Henle.

A

E

75
Q

Peritubular capillaries.

A

D

76
Q

Structue most closely associated with granular cells.

A

A

77
Q

Medulla of the kidney.

A

E

78
Q

Using Figure 27.1, match the following:

Stem cell.

A

A

79
Q

First cells with n number of chromosomes.

A

D

80
Q

Type B spermatagonia.

A

B

81
Q

Early spermatids.

A

E

82
Q

Primary spermatocyte.

A

C

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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