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A&P 2 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

ABO blood group

A

blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of A and B glycoproteins on the erythrocyte membrane surface

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2
Q

agglutination

A

clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies

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3
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

leukocytes with few granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, monocytes, lymphocytes, and NK cells

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4
Q

albumin

A

most abundant plasma protein, accounting for most of the osmotic pressure of plasma

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5
Q

anemia

A

deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin

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6
Q

antibodies

A

(also, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins) antigen-specific proteins produced by specialized B lymphocytes that protect the body by binding to foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses

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7
Q

anticoagulant

A

substance such as heparin that opposes coagulation

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8
Q

antithrombin

A

anticoagulant that inactivates factor X and opposes the conversion of prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin in the common pathway

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9
Q

B lymphocytes

A

(also, B cells) lymphocytes that defend the body against specific pathogens and thereby provide specific immunity

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10
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes that stain with a basic (alkaline) stain and store histamine and heparin

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11
Q

bilirubin

A

yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme and is further broken down into waste products

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12
Q

biliverdin

A

green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded into a waste product; converted to bilirubin in the liver

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13
Q

blood

A

liquid connective tissue composed of formed elements—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets—and a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma; component of the cardiovascular system

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14
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

diagnostic test of a sample of red bone marrow

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15
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

treatment in which a donor’s healthy bone marrow with its stem cells replaces diseased or damaged bone marrow of a patient

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16
Q

buffy coat

A

thin, pale layer of leukocytes and platelets that separates the erythrocytes from the plasma in a sample of centrifuged blood

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17
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

compound of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, and one of the ways in which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood

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18
Q

clotting factors

A

group of 12 identified substances active in coagulation

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19
Q

coagulation

A

formation of a blood clot; part of the process of hemostasis

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20
Q

colony-stimulating factors (CFS)

A

glycoproteins that trigger the proliferation and differentiation of myeloblasts into granular leukocytes (basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils)

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21
Q

common pathway

A

final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot

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22
Q

cross matching

A

blood test for identification of blood type using antibodies and small samples of blood

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23
Q

cytokines

A

class of proteins that act as autocrine or paracrine signaling molecules; in the cardiovascular system, they stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease

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24
Q

defensins

A

antimicrobial proteins released from neutrophils and macrophages that create openings in the plasma membranes to kill cells

25
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

molecule of hemoglobin without an oxygen molecule bound to it

26
Q

diapedesis

A

(also, emigration) process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall to enter tissues

27
Q

embolus

A

thrombus that has broken free from the blood vessel wall and entered the circulation

28
Q

eosinophils

A

granulocytes that stain with eosin; they release antihistamines and are especially active against parasitic worms

29
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

glycoprotein that triggers the bone marrow to produce RBCs; secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels

30
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

initial coagulation pathway that begins with tissue damage and results in the activation of the common pathway

31
Q

ferritin

A

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

32
Q

fibrin

A

insoluble, filamentous protein that forms the structure of a blood clot

33
Q

fibrinogen

A

plasma protein produced in the liver and involved in blood clotting

34
Q

fibrinolysis

A

gradual degradation of a blood clot

35
Q

formed elements

A

cellular components of blood; that is, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

36
Q

globin

A

heme-containing globular protein that is a constituent of hemoglobin

37
Q

globulins

A

heterogeneous group of plasma proteins that includes transport proteins, clotting factors, immune proteins, and others

38
Q

granular leukocytes

A

leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm; specifically, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

39
Q

hematocrit

A

(also, packed cell volume) volume percentage of erythrocytes in a sample of centrifuged blood

40
Q

heme

A

red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

41
Q

hemocytoblast

A

hemopoietic stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood

42
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes

43
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction (lysis) of erythrocytes and the release of their hemoglobin into circulation

44
Q

hemolytic disease of the newborn

A

(also, erythroblastosis fetalis) disorder causing agglutination and hemolysis in an Rh+ fetus or newborn of an Rh− mother

45
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic disorder characterized by inadequate synthesis of clotting factors

46
Q

hemopoiesis

A

production of the formed elements of blood

47
Q

hemopoietic growth factors

A

chemical signals including erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, colony-stimulating factors, and interleukins that regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular blood progenitor cells

48
Q

hemopoietic stem cell

A

type of pluripotent stem cell that gives rise to the formed elements of blood (hemocytoblast)

49
Q

hemorrahage

A

excessive bleeding

50
Q

hemosiderin

A

protein-containing storage form of iron found in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen

51
Q

hemostasis

A

physiological process by which bleeding ceases

52
Q

heparin

A

short-acting anticoagulant stored in mast cells and released when tissues are injured, opposes prothrombin

53
Q

hypoxemia

A

below-normal level of oxygen saturation of blood (typically <95 percent)

54
Q

interleukins

A

signaling molecules that may function in hemopoiesis, inflammation, and specific immune responses

55
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

initial coagulation pathway that begins with vascular damage or contact with foreign substances, and results in the activation of the common pathway

56
Q

leukemia

A

cancer involving leukocytes

57
Q

leukocyte

A

(also, white blood cell) colorless, nucleated blood cell, the chief function of which is to protect the body from disease

58
Q

leukocytosis

A

excessive leukocyte proliferation

59
Q

leukopenia

A

below-normal production of leukocytes

A&P 2 (7 decks)

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