Final Exam Flashcards
Wilhelm Wundt
“Father of Psychology”
Introspection; Asked patients to describe their feelings
Psychoanalysis
investigates the conscious and unconscious mind (sounded unscientific)
freud
Nerve Cell Atanomy
Axon carries information»_space; Axon Terminals form bonds»_space; Soma (cell body) preforms basic activities»_space; Denderites
Synapse
Gap between Neuron
Neurotransmitters
Carry messages across synapse
Central vs. Peripheral Nervous system
Central is the spine and brain, peripheral connects the central to the rest of the body
Somatic vs. Autonomic Nervous systems
Somatic is voluntary movement, autonomic is involuntary
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Nervous systems
Sympathetic is in response to stress, and parasympathetic is calming the body afterward
Cerebellum
Coordination of movement, some attention to memory
Medulla
Heartbeat, breath, swallowing
Limbic System
The four “f”s, fleeting, fighting, feeding, and f*cking
Hypothalamus
Steadiness in bodily functions, homeostasis
Hippocampus
Memory, spital and long-term
Amygdala
Emotions; mostly fear; fight or flight
Thalmus
Takes sensory processes and sends them to be processed
Four lobes
Optical (sight), Temporal (hearing processes), Parental (touch and perception), Frontal (advanced functions
Bottom-up vs. Top-down processing
Bottom up is no influence, top down is experienced
Absolute Threshold
Difference Threshold
Minimum level of stimulus for you to detect it half the time
It’s proportional to the amount of stimulus present initially
Retina
The rear section of eye, send information to the optic nerve. Contains rods and cones
Rods vs. Cones
Rods = receptor cells that detect grey and low light Cones = detect color when light is plentifu
Trigonometric vs. Opponent Process Theories
Trigonometric says that cones are specialized to wavelength and color
Opponent says your visual system is specialized to see specific pairs of colors
Cochlea
In the ear; sprial, fluid-filled, sends sound waves to brain via the auditory nerve
Olflication
Gustation
Kinesthetic
Vestibular
smell
taste
position
balance
Information Processesing Model
Model of memory
1) encoding 2) storage 3) retrival
Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
1) sensory register 2) short-term memory 3) long-term memory
Explicit Memory
Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory
Flashbulb
you know you know it)
facts you learn
firsthand experiences
Vivid of an emotional event
Implicit vs. Procedural Memory
Implicit = You are consciously aware you know about it Procedural = learned habits, ex. walking
Pavlov
doggies
Aquisition
The moment the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
Operant Conditioning
Learning where the strength of the behavior is reinforced through punishment
Latent Learning
Learning that happens but cant be observed
Insight
Finding a solution by understanding (not trial and error)
Cognition
What your brain does with information
Algorithm
Formula method of problem-solving
Heuristic
An educated guess
Functional Fixedness
the cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used
Partial vs. Successful Intelligence
Practical intelligence is needed to use the ideas and their analysis in an effective way in one’s everyday life. Successful intelligence is most effective when it balances all three of its analytical, creative, and practical aspects
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Bodily-Kinesthetic (bodily movement), IntrApersonal (yourself), Interpersonal (others), naturalistic (nature), logical-mathematical, musical, spacial
Maslows Heigharacy of Needs
- Primary/Psychological (food, sex)
- Saftey
- Belonging and love
- Self Esteem
- Self Actualization (becoming your full potential)
+6. Self Transcendental (religious)
James-Lang Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard
Schacter-Singer
Cognitive-Apprisal theory
- You have the body reaction then have the feeling
- Feeling and reaction are at the same time
- You have a body reaction and label it as a feeling
- Thought about stimuli produces a feeling
6 Basic Facial Expressions
Disgust, fear, sadness, anger, happiness, surprise
Schema
A concept or representation that guides the way someone processes new information
Association and Accommodation
Making sense of new information by sorting it into schemas
Making new Schemas
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2)- using senses to understand world
Proportional (2-7)- Use of language but limited mental cap.
Concrete Opp. (7-11)- able to think logically, not abstractly
Formal Opp. (11-+)- Logically and Abstractly
Ainsworth Attachment styles
Secure attachment- stable, well adjusted
Insecure avoidant- fear, based on rejection
Insecure resistant- separation anxiety, was not warm to mothers return
Disorganized- confused
Parenting styles
Authoritarian- strict
Permissive- minimal demand
Authoritative- selective rules
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional Morality- choices driven by award/punishment
conventional- driven by social norms and laws
postconventional- fundamental rights and ethical principals
Erikson’s 8 Psychological Studies
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation ego integrity vs. despair
Acculturation Strategies
Assimilation - adopting new, rejecting old
Separation - Retains old, rejects new
Marginalization - rejecting both
Integration - using both
Primary vs. Secondary Appraisal
The way you evaluate things
primary - determining how stressful
secondary - how compatible you are with dealing with it
General Adaption Syndrome
An understanding of the way bodies adapt to stress
Alarm > resistance > exhaustion
Id, Ego, and Super Ego
Id - pleasure principle, instant gratification
Ego - reality, delayed gratification
Super Ego - moral principle, denial of gratification, tries to balance ego and id
Five-factor model
Neuroticism, extraversion, conceitedness, agreeableness, openness to experience
Attribution, theory and error
Explanation of the cause of the behavior
is caused by personal traits or the situation
error, overestimating the significance of traits and underestimating the situation
Cognitive Dissonance
Discomfort from having one attitude that contradicts another
Attraction: Proximity and mere exposure, physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocal liking
Proximity - physical closeness causes emotional closeness
physical attractiveness - men and women looking for the different things
similarity - opposites don’t attract, more like birds of a feather flock together
reciprocal liking - the act of a person feeling an attraction to someone only upon learning or becoming aware of that person’s attraction to themselves
What makes something abnormal?
How infrequent
how much it deviates from social norms
personal distress
impairment from daily function
Flat Effect
Lacking correct emotions
Dissociative Disorders
loses awareness of the essential parts of self
diss. identity (did) - two or more personalities
diss, amnesia - unable to recall important info
diss. fugue - unexplained travel
Personality Disorders
Patterns of inflexible behavior
Borderline - instability in life and relationships
Antisocial - disregard for other peoples rights
Psychodynamic theory (4)
Psychoanalysis - where the main goal is to make the unconscious conscious
Free association - the technique by saying whatever comes to mind without censoring
Dream analysis - attempting to find meaning in dream
restiance- blocking awareness of anxiety-provoking topics
Cognitive Distortions
irrational thinking
all-or-nothing - all good or all bad
overgeneralization
catastrophizing
Evidence-Based Practice
The therapist makes choices based on three factors
research evidence
therapist expertise
client characteristics
