Exam 3 Flashcards
Stress
Unpleasant reaction to an event perceived as challenging
Fight-or-Flight Response
if you don’t know what this is then why are you in this class
Stressor
What YOU perceive as challenging
Primary vs. Secondary Appraisal
The way you evaluate things
primary - determining how stressful
secondary - how compatible you are with dealing with it
Health Psychology
Study of health, illness, and healthcare
General Adaption Syndrome
An understanding of the way bodies adapt to stress
Alarm > resistance > exhaustion
Psychological Illnesses
Affect mood, thinking, and behavior
Personality types
A - hostile, competitive, high drive
B - Easy, relaxed, never angry
C - Low expression, agreeable, helpless
D - Highly negative, depression (etc), never opens
PTSD, acute stress disorder
Lasts at least a month afterward
Acute; days and weeks after
Problem-focused vs. Emotion-focused coping
How to deal with stress
changing the stressor vs. changing the emotional reaction
Hardiness
Behaviors that reflect resilience
Optimism
An attitude toward the future, hope, and expectation of a positive outcome
Personality
A distinctive way of thinking, feeling, and acting
Sigmund Freud on Personality
He said it developed during childhood, and that the Id is the only thing present at birth
Freudian Slip
Mistakes revealing unconscious thoughts
Id, Ego, and Super Ego
Id - pleasure principle, instant gratification
Ego - reality, delayed gratification
Super Ego - moral principle, denial of gratification, tries to balance ego and id
Defense mechanisms
Repression - Hides Id
Denial - Blocks out events
Displacement - Putting the Id impulse on a different target
Sublimation - Using your Id impulse to benefit others
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Fixation
Lingering Psychological problems due to an unsuccessful stage of development
Oedipus and Electra Complexes
Wanting to be close with the parent of the opposite gender and then failing so you resort to your own gender p much
Carl Rodgers and the Humanistic Theory of Personality
Inherent tendencies go toward happy and healthy goals,, self-actualization
Positive regard and Conditions of Worth
Positive regard - love, acceptance, prizing
Conditions of worth - requirements to obtain positive regard (maybe harmful)
Real vs. Ideal self
How you are vs. what you want to be (self-actualized)
Self-concept
View of yourself
Incongruence vs. Congruence
When you real and ideal self don’t match and cause mental issues vs. when they do
Reciprocal Determinism
Three factors that all influence each other
Five-factor model
Neuroticism, extraversion, conceitedness, agreeableness, openness to experience
Objective Personality test vs. MMPI-2
Standardized questions vs. focusing on mental disorders
Social Psychology and Social Cognition
How people think and interact,, how people think about each other
Attribution, theory and error
Explanation of the cause of the behavior
is caused by personal traits or the situation
error, overestimating the significance of traits and underestimating the situation
Attitude
Viewpoint, thoughts and emotions, that influence how you think
Actions predict attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
Discomfort from having one attitude that contradicts another
Solomon Asch and Conformity and Obedience
changes in behavior to match the group
changes in behavior to please authority
Social Facilitation, loafing, and dediviatation
- Increase of performance when others around
- the decrease in performance when other people are around
- loss of identity when working in groups that leads to atypical behavior
Groupthink
groups that value getting along over finding the best answer
Prejudice, stereotype, discrimination
- Negative attitude at group after knowing group members
- the applied generalization to group
- action based on the above
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
The “us” vs. the “them”
Aggression
Behavior intended to cause any form of harm
Attraction: Proximity and mere exposure, physical attractiveness, similarity, reciprocal liking
Proximity - physical closeness causes emotional closeness
physical attractiveness - men and women looking for the different things
similarity - opposites don’t attract, more like birds of a feather flock together
reciprocal liking - the act of a person feeling an attraction to someone only upon learning or becoming aware of that person’s attraction to themselves
Altruism
Complete selflessness for others
Bystander effect and Diffusion of Responsibility
Bystander - less likely to help if other people were there\
Diffusion - less likely to help if more better-equiped people are there
Psychological Disorder
A pattern of behavior that causes distress and dysfunction
Medical Student Syndrome
Thinking you have the disease you’re reading about
What makes something abnormal?
How infrequent
how much it deviates from social norms
personal distress
impairment from daily function
Theories of Abnormality
Biological - genes
Psychological - emotions, thoughts, behaviors**
Sociocultural - social factors
Biophsycological - combines them all
Anxiety Disorders (4)
General (GAD) - general anxiety everywhere
panic - sudden unpredictable bursts
specific phobia - fear of one thing
social - fear of some cases of being judged
OCD
Unwanted repetitive thoughts and uncontrollable actions in response
Major Depressive Disorder
Lasts at least two weeks
Bipolar disorder
the fluctuation between depression and mania
Eating Disorders
Schizophrenia
Bizzare disturbances in thinking and acting
Flat Effect
Lacking correct emotions
ADHD
hyperactivity and attention issues
Autism spectrum
Rigid behavior and social deficits
Dissociative Disorders
loses awareness of the essential parts of self
diss. identity (did) - two or more personalities
diss, amnesia - unable to recall important info
diss. fugue - unexplained travel
Personality Disorders
Patterns of inflexible behavior
Borderline - instability in life and relationships
Antisocial - disregard for other peoples rights
Psychotherapy
Professionals helping people get over psychological disorders
Psychodynamic theory (4)
Psychoanalysis - where the main goal is to make the unconscious conscious
Free association - the technique by saying whatever comes to mind without censoring
Dream analysis - attempting to find meaning in dream
restiance- blocking awareness of anxiety-provoking topics
Transference
Projecting what you’ve learned in the past with people onto your therapist
Person-Centered Therapy (Carl Rodgers)
The tendency of a person to strive for self-actualization
positive regard - praise
genuineness - the realness of the therapist
Behavior Therapy
Application of operant and classical conditioning
uses exposure therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Changing the way you think about life events
Cognitive Distortions
irrational thinking
all-or-nothing - all good or all bad
overgeneralization
catastrophizing
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
uses logical thinking and conditioning to change behavior
Eclectic Approach to Therapy
selecting the best treatment based on studies and past cases
Integrative approach to Therapy
blending styles and techniques
Group Therapy - Self Help groups
based on group interaction vs. led without a professional
Evidence-Based Practice
The therapist makes choices based on three factors
research evidence
therapist expertise
client characteristics
Theapractric Alliance
a trusting and working relationship between therapist and client
Biomedical Therapy
Directly altering the brain
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
When an electric current is passed through the brain
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
For depression; a weak electric current passes through the head
