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Psy 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviorism

A

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Connecting one stimulus to another

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3
Q

John Watson

A

Founded Behaviorism

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4
Q

Pavlov

A

Conducted experiments with dogs in harnesses, discovered classically conditioning

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Formally neutral, now causes a response

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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned response conditioned stimulus through learning

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7
Q

Baby Albert

A

Led by John Watson, taught a child phobias

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8
Q

Aquisition

A

The moment the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned

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9
Q

Extinction

A

The moment the conditioned stimuli no longer causes a response (hidden, not deleted)

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10
Q

Generalization

A

When stimuli that are similar to other stimuli cause the same response

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

Stimuli that are different fail to give the same response

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A returned extinct conditioned response

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13
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Associating the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning where the strength of the behavior is reinforced through punishment

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15
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Used the Skinner Box, where animals can be placed to be observed

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16
Q

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

A

Something that makes behavior more likely to occur, wether is desirable or undesirable

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17
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer

A

Primary does not need to be learned (food, water, sex) while secondary does

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18
Q

Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement

A

Every time vs. some times

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19
Q

Punishment

A

Taking something away (can be positive or negative)

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20
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually learning behavior through small steps

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21
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning from others experiences

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22
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that happens but cant be observed

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23
Q

Insight

A

Finding a solution by understanding (not trial and error)

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24
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Realizing that there’s nothing you can do so you stop trying

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25
Q

Cognition

A

What your brain does with information

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26
Q

Concept and Prototype

A

Concept is the mental representation of a category

Prototype is the most typical example ^

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27
Q

Algorithm

A

Formula method of problem-solving

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28
Q

Heuristic

A

An educated guess

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29
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Predicting your mood and planning ahead for that

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30
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

the cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

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31
Q

Nativist Theory of Language

A

Our ability to speak is inborn

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32
Q

Social-Pragmatic Theory of Language

A

The ability develops from the urge to fit in

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33
Q

One-Word Stage

A

The stage where a child will use limited language to describe a lot of things

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34
Q

Spearman’s general intelligence

A

refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures

35
Q

Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence

A

Being able to come to conclusions vs. knowing hard facts

36
Q

Partial vs. Successful Intelligence

A

Practical intelligence is needed to use the ideas and their analysis in an effective way in one’s everyday life. Successful intelligence is most effective when it balances all three of its analytical, creative, and practical aspects

37
Q

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

A

Bodily-Kinesthetic (bodily movement), IntrApersonal (yourself), Interpersonal (others), naturalistic (nature), logical-mathematical, musical, spacial

38
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

Ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others

39
Q

IQ score average

A

100 is the average score for an age

40
Q

Motivation

A

A desire that stimulates and steers behavior

41
Q

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation

A

Wanting it for the rewarding feelings vs. for the external reward

42
Q

Incentive

A

An external object you’re motivated to get

43
Q

Instinct motivation theory

A

motivated by primal instinct

44
Q

drive-reduction motivation theory

A

Unmet desires lead to unpleasant feelings

45
Q

Arousal motivation theory

A

Wanting to maintain ultimate arousal (excitement)

46
Q

Maslows Heigharacy of Needs

A
  1. Primary/Psychological (food, sex)
  2. Saftey
  3. Belonging and love
  4. Self Esteem
  5. Self Actualization (becoming your full potential)
    +6. Self Transcendental (religious)
47
Q

James-Lang Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard
Schacter-Singer
Cognitive-Apprisal theory

A
  1. You have the body reaction then have the feeling
  2. Feeling and reaction are at the same time
  3. You have a body reaction and label it as a feeling
  4. Thought about stimuli produces a feeling
48
Q

Facial Feedback Theory

A

The brain monitors emotion by reading the face

49
Q

Emotional Regulation

A

Ability to regulate and control emotions

50
Q

Display Rules

A

Norms about the expression of emotion in a culture

51
Q

6 Basic Facial Expressions

A

Disgust, fear, sadness, anger, happiness, surprise

52
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Changes in the body and mind throughout years

53
Q

Cross-sectional vs longitudinal designs

A

Different people tested at the same time vs. same people retested over years

54
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Genetics vs. Environment

55
Q

Tetrogen

A

A harmful substance to an embryo or fetus

56
Q

Schema

A

A concept or representation that guides the way someone processes new information

57
Q

Association and Accommodation

A

Making sense of new information by sorting it into schemas

Making new Schemas

58
Q

Stages of Cognitive Development

A

Sensorimotor (0-2)- using senses to understand world
Proportional (2-7)- Use of language but limited mental cap.
Concrete Opp. (7-11)- able to think logically, not abstractly
Formal Opp. (11-+)- Logically and Abstractly

59
Q

Egocentrism

A

The ability to differentiate between yourself and others

60
Q

Conservation and Object Permanence

A

The same amount of the object is there despite the size

The object still exists whether or not you can see it

61
Q

Temperament

A

How “easy going” you are

62
Q

Adolescence

A

the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.

63
Q

Imaginary Audience

A

Thinking that everyone is watching and thinking about you

64
Q

Personal Fable

A

Thinking of himself or herself as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because he or she is special and unique

65
Q

Ainsworth Attachment styles

A

Secure attachment- stable, well adjusted
Insecure avoidant- fear, based on rejection
Insecure resistant- separation anxiety, was not warm to mothers return
Disorganized- confused

66
Q

Parenting styles

A

Authoritarian- strict
Permissive- minimal demand
Authoritative- selective rules

67
Q

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

A

Preconventional Morality- choices driven by award/punishment
conventional- driven by social norms and laws
postconventional- fundamental rights and ethical principals

68
Q

Erikson’s 8 Psychological Studies

A 
Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority 
identity vs. role confusion
intimacy vs. isolation
generativity vs. stagnation 
ego integrity vs. despair
69
Q

Culture

A

A set of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors within a group

70
Q

World View

A

A culturally influenced way of understanding

71
Q

Dynamic Sizing

A

Recognizing the norms of a culture but also knowing that they may not apply to everyone

72
Q

Multiculturalism

A

A psychological approach that highlights the cultural significance

73
Q

Acculturation

A

Managing life with multiple cultures

74
Q

Acculturation Strategies

A

Assimilation - adopting new, rejecting old
Separation - Retains old, rejects new
Marginalization - rejecting both
Integration - using both

75
Q

Acculative Stress

A

Psychological or psychical stress from acculturation

76
Q

Individualism vs. Collectivism

A

When a culture focuses on the individual vs. the whole

77
Q

Cultural Intelligence

A

Being able to correctly live in a multicultural society

78
Q

Microaggressions

A

Small sometimes unintentional things that could offend somebody

79
Q

Sex

A

Persons biological identity as male or female

80
Q

Gender

A

A person’s mental identity as male or female or other

81
Q

Cisgender

A

When a persons sex and gender match

82
Q

Transgender

A

When a persons sex and gender are different

83
Q

Transitioning

A

A transgender person’s transiton from their sex to their gender

84
Q

LGBTQ meaning

A 
L - Lesbian 
G - Gay
B - Bisexual
T - Transgender 
Q - Queer/Questioning

See also A - Ally

Psy 101 (4 decks)

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