Exam 2 Flashcards
Behaviorism
the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
Classical Conditioning
Connecting one stimulus to another
John Watson
Founded Behaviorism
Pavlov
Conducted experiments with dogs in harnesses, discovered classically conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus
Formally neutral, now causes a response
Conditioned Response
Learned response conditioned stimulus through learning
Baby Albert
Led by John Watson, taught a child phobias
Aquisition
The moment the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned
Extinction
The moment the conditioned stimuli no longer causes a response (hidden, not deleted)
Generalization
When stimuli that are similar to other stimuli cause the same response
Discrimination
Stimuli that are different fail to give the same response
Spontaneous Recovery
A returned extinct conditioned response
Taste Aversion
Associating the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance
Operant Conditioning
Learning where the strength of the behavior is reinforced through punishment
B. F. Skinner
Used the Skinner Box, where animals can be placed to be observed
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Something that makes behavior more likely to occur, wether is desirable or undesirable
Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer
Primary does not need to be learned (food, water, sex) while secondary does
Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement
Every time vs. some times
Punishment
Taking something away (can be positive or negative)
Shaping
Gradually learning behavior through small steps
Observational Learning
Learning from others experiences
Latent Learning
Learning that happens but cant be observed
Insight
Finding a solution by understanding (not trial and error)
Learned Helplessness
Realizing that there’s nothing you can do so you stop trying
Cognition
What your brain does with information
Concept and Prototype
Concept is the mental representation of a category
Prototype is the most typical example ^
Algorithm
Formula method of problem-solving
Heuristic
An educated guess
Affective Forecasting
Predicting your mood and planning ahead for that
Functional Fixedness
the cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used
Nativist Theory of Language
Our ability to speak is inborn
Social-Pragmatic Theory of Language
The ability develops from the urge to fit in
One-Word Stage
The stage where a child will use limited language to describe a lot of things
Spearman’s general intelligence
refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures
Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
Being able to come to conclusions vs. knowing hard facts
Partial vs. Successful Intelligence
Practical intelligence is needed to use the ideas and their analysis in an effective way in one’s everyday life. Successful intelligence is most effective when it balances all three of its analytical, creative, and practical aspects
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Bodily-Kinesthetic (bodily movement), IntrApersonal (yourself), Interpersonal (others), naturalistic (nature), logical-mathematical, musical, spacial
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others
IQ score average
100 is the average score for an age
Motivation
A desire that stimulates and steers behavior
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Wanting it for the rewarding feelings vs. for the external reward
Incentive
An external object you’re motivated to get
Instinct motivation theory
motivated by primal instinct
drive-reduction motivation theory
Unmet desires lead to unpleasant feelings
Arousal motivation theory
Wanting to maintain ultimate arousal (excitement)
Maslows Heigharacy of Needs
- Primary/Psychological (food, sex)
- Saftey
- Belonging and love
- Self Esteem
- Self Actualization (becoming your full potential)
+6. Self Transcendental (religious)
James-Lang Theory of Emotion
Cannon-Bard
Schacter-Singer
Cognitive-Apprisal theory
- You have the body reaction then have the feeling
- Feeling and reaction are at the same time
- You have a body reaction and label it as a feeling
- Thought about stimuli produces a feeling
Facial Feedback Theory
The brain monitors emotion by reading the face
Emotional Regulation
Ability to regulate and control emotions
Display Rules
Norms about the expression of emotion in a culture
6 Basic Facial Expressions
Disgust, fear, sadness, anger, happiness, surprise
Developmental Psychology
Changes in the body and mind throughout years
Cross-sectional vs longitudinal designs
Different people tested at the same time vs. same people retested over years
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetics vs. Environment
Tetrogen
A harmful substance to an embryo or fetus
Schema
A concept or representation that guides the way someone processes new information
Association and Accommodation
Making sense of new information by sorting it into schemas
Making new Schemas
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2)- using senses to understand world
Proportional (2-7)- Use of language but limited mental cap.
Concrete Opp. (7-11)- able to think logically, not abstractly
Formal Opp. (11-+)- Logically and Abstractly
Egocentrism
The ability to differentiate between yourself and others
Conservation and Object Permanence
The same amount of the object is there despite the size
The object still exists whether or not you can see it
Temperament
How “easy going” you are
Adolescence
the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.
Imaginary Audience
Thinking that everyone is watching and thinking about you
Personal Fable
Thinking of himself or herself as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because he or she is special and unique
Ainsworth Attachment styles
Secure attachment- stable, well adjusted
Insecure avoidant- fear, based on rejection
Insecure resistant- separation anxiety, was not warm to mothers return
Disorganized- confused
Parenting styles
Authoritarian- strict
Permissive- minimal demand
Authoritative- selective rules
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional Morality- choices driven by award/punishment
conventional- driven by social norms and laws
postconventional- fundamental rights and ethical principals
Erikson’s 8 Psychological Studies
Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation ego integrity vs. despair
Culture
A set of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors within a group
World View
A culturally influenced way of understanding
Dynamic Sizing
Recognizing the norms of a culture but also knowing that they may not apply to everyone
Multiculturalism
A psychological approach that highlights the cultural significance
Acculturation
Managing life with multiple cultures
Acculturation Strategies
Assimilation - adopting new, rejecting old
Separation - Retains old, rejects new
Marginalization - rejecting both
Integration - using both
Acculative Stress
Psychological or psychical stress from acculturation
Individualism vs. Collectivism
When a culture focuses on the individual vs. the whole
Cultural Intelligence
Being able to correctly live in a multicultural society
Microaggressions
Small sometimes unintentional things that could offend somebody
Sex
Persons biological identity as male or female
Gender
A person’s mental identity as male or female or other
Cisgender
When a persons sex and gender match
Transgender
When a persons sex and gender are different
Transitioning
A transgender person’s transiton from their sex to their gender
LGBTQ meaning
L - Lesbian G - Gay B - Bisexual T - Transgender Q - Queer/Questioning
See also A - Ally
