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Psy 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviorism

A

the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Connecting one stimulus to another

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3
Q

John Watson

A

Founded Behaviorism

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4
Q

Pavlov

A

Conducted experiments with dogs in harnesses, discovered classically conditioning

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5
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Formally neutral, now causes a response

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6
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned response conditioned stimulus through learning

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7
Q

Baby Albert

A

Led by John Watson, taught a child phobias

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8
Q

Aquisition

A

The moment the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned

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9
Q

Extinction

A

The moment the conditioned stimuli no longer causes a response (hidden, not deleted)

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10
Q

Generalization

A

When stimuli that are similar to other stimuli cause the same response

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

Stimuli that are different fail to give the same response

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A returned extinct conditioned response

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13
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Associating the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Learning where the strength of the behavior is reinforced through punishment

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15
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Used the Skinner Box, where animals can be placed to be observed

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16
Q

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

A

Something that makes behavior more likely to occur, wether is desirable or undesirable

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17
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcer

A

Primary does not need to be learned (food, water, sex) while secondary does

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18
Q

Continuous vs. Partial Reinforcement

A

Every time vs. some times

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19
Q

Punishment

A

Taking something away (can be positive or negative)

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20
Q

Shaping

A

Gradually learning behavior through small steps

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21
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning from others experiences

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22
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that happens but cant be observed

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23
Q

Insight

A

Finding a solution by understanding (not trial and error)

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24
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Realizing that there’s nothing you can do so you stop trying

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25
Cognition
What your brain does with information
26
Concept and Prototype
Concept is the mental representation of a category | Prototype is the most typical example ^
27
Algorithm
Formula method of problem-solving
28
Heuristic
An educated guess
29
Affective Forecasting
Predicting your mood and planning ahead for that
30
Functional Fixedness
the cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used
31
Nativist Theory of Language
Our ability to speak is inborn
32
Social-Pragmatic Theory of Language
The ability develops from the urge to fit in
33
One-Word Stage
The stage where a child will use limited language to describe a lot of things
34
Spearman's general intelligence
refers to the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences performance on cognitive ability measures
35
Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
Being able to come to conclusions vs. knowing hard facts
36
Partial vs. Successful Intelligence
Practical intelligence is needed to use the ideas and their analysis in an effective way in one's everyday life. Successful intelligence is most effective when it balances all three of its analytical, creative, and practical aspects
37
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Bodily-Kinesthetic (bodily movement), IntrApersonal (yourself), Interpersonal (others), naturalistic (nature), logical-mathematical, musical, spacial
38
Emotional Intelligence
Ability to recognize emotions in oneself and others
39
IQ score average
100 is the average score for an age
40
Motivation
A desire that stimulates and steers behavior
41
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Wanting it for the rewarding feelings vs. for the external reward
42
Incentive
An external object you're motivated to get
43
Instinct motivation theory
motivated by primal instinct
44
drive-reduction motivation theory
Unmet desires lead to unpleasant feelings
45
Arousal motivation theory
Wanting to maintain ultimate arousal (excitement)
46
Maslows Heigharacy of Needs
1. Primary/Psychological (food, sex) 2. Saftey 3. Belonging and love 4. Self Esteem 5. Self Actualization (becoming your full potential) +6. Self Transcendental (religious)
47
James-Lang Theory of Emotion Cannon-Bard Schacter-Singer Cognitive-Apprisal theory
1. You have the body reaction then have the feeling 2. Feeling and reaction are at the same time 3. You have a body reaction and label it as a feeling 4. Thought about stimuli produces a feeling
48
Facial Feedback Theory
The brain monitors emotion by reading the face
49
Emotional Regulation
Ability to regulate and control emotions
50
Display Rules
Norms about the expression of emotion in a culture
51
6 Basic Facial Expressions
Disgust, fear, sadness, anger, happiness, surprise
52
Developmental Psychology
Changes in the body and mind throughout years
53
Cross-sectional vs longitudinal designs
Different people tested at the same time vs. same people retested over years
54
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetics vs. Environment
55
Tetrogen
A harmful substance to an embryo or fetus
56
Schema
A concept or representation that guides the way someone processes new information
57
Association and Accommodation
Making sense of new information by sorting it into schemas | Making new Schemas
58
Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (0-2)- using senses to understand world Proportional (2-7)- Use of language but limited mental cap. Concrete Opp. (7-11)- able to think logically, not abstractly Formal Opp. (11-+)- Logically and Abstractly
59
Egocentrism
The ability to differentiate between yourself and others
60
Conservation and Object Permanence
The same amount of the object is there despite the size | The object still exists whether or not you can see it
61
Temperament
How "easy going" you are
62
Adolescence
the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult.
63
Imaginary Audience
Thinking that everyone is watching and thinking about you
64
Personal Fable
Thinking of himself or herself as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because he or she is special and unique
65
Ainsworth Attachment styles
Secure attachment- stable, well adjusted Insecure avoidant- fear, based on rejection Insecure resistant- separation anxiety, was not warm to mothers return Disorganized- confused
66
Parenting styles
Authoritarian- strict Permissive- minimal demand Authoritative- selective rules
67
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning
Preconventional Morality- choices driven by award/punishment conventional- driven by social norms and laws postconventional- fundamental rights and ethical principals
68
Erikson's 8 Psychological Studies
``` Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority identity vs. role confusion intimacy vs. isolation generativity vs. stagnation ego integrity vs. despair ```
69
Culture
A set of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors within a group
70
World View
A culturally influenced way of understanding
71
Dynamic Sizing
Recognizing the norms of a culture but also knowing that they may not apply to everyone
72
Multiculturalism
A psychological approach that highlights the cultural significance
73
Acculturation
Managing life with multiple cultures
74
Acculturation Strategies
Assimilation - adopting new, rejecting old Separation - Retains old, rejects new Marginalization - rejecting both Integration - using both
75
Acculative Stress
Psychological or psychical stress from acculturation
76
Individualism vs. Collectivism
When a culture focuses on the individual vs. the whole
77
Cultural Intelligence
Being able to correctly live in a multicultural society
78
Microaggressions
Small sometimes unintentional things that could offend somebody
79
Sex
Persons biological identity as male or female
80
Gender
A person's mental identity as male or female or other
81
Cisgender
When a persons sex and gender match
82
Transgender
When a persons sex and gender are different
83
Transitioning
A transgender person's transiton from their sex to their gender
84
LGBTQ meaning
``` L - Lesbian G - Gay B - Bisexual T - Transgender Q - Queer/Questioning ``` See also A - Ally

Psy 101 (4 decks)

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