Final Exam Flashcards
Systematic desensitization
Used for phobia treatment
What are the major features and aspects of mental Imagery? (Multisensory)
Touch Taste Smell Vision Kinesthetic Visceral
Relaxation-anxiety control
Public speaking
Test anxiety
Skill acquisition learning
Correction of mistakes
Rehearsal
Memorization
Cognitive strategy
Negative thought stopping
Confidence Enhancement
Disease Treatment
Illness
Injury Recovery
Performance enhancement
Mental practice
Training
What are the major dimensions of imagery as it is used in sport?
Perspective Modality Vividness/Clarity Control Outcome
Perspective
Internal: Imagine through own eyes
External: Imagine through someone watching you
Modality
Single sense vs. combinations
Vividness/Clarity
Very clear or not so clear
Control
Independent of vividness
Outcome
Successful vs. unsuccessful performance
4 goals of VMBR
Performance enhancement
Error correction
General preparation for competition
Confidence enhancement
Visu-Motor- Behavioral Rehearsal VMBR
Relaxation
Total sensory experience
Why imagery may improve motor performance
Confidence enhancement
Unresolved issues in imagery
What is the mechanism/How does it work How can imagery be measured What about differences in ability to controal images and create vivid images How much is too much? KOR
Centering
Relax, take a deep breath and exhale Displace any negative Focus attention on important cue Concetrate proper form Use internal attention focusing strategy
Psyching strategies to improve performance findings:
Not beneficial for speed or balancing
No evidence for physiological activation/arousal
Effects on strength mixed
Different psyching techniques
May interfere with skill acquisition for beginners
Basic findings regarding goal setting strategies (Locke and Latham)
Specific goals work better than general Difficult goals better than general Short+Long term better than long alone Feedback is necessary Competition improves performance if it results in higher goals or commitment
Lock and Latham goal setting studies
Performance improvements were similar across all conditions
Problem: Groups had different starting points
Goal setting in sports don’t differ much from industrial setting
Attention Width
There’s also intermediate levels of attention focus
Attentional Direction
External- Focus on environment outside the body
Internal- Focus on inside- Thoughts, feelings, sensation
Attentional Categories
Broad external- QB
Broad Internal
Narrow external
Narrow Internal- Free throw
Errors due to attention
Over-inclusion
Under-inclusion
Overinclusion
Beginners
Taking in more information than athlete can process
Taking in irrelevant information
Underinclusion
Taking in too little information
Reinforcement
Using rewards to increase likelihood of repeat behavior
Punishment
Using punishment to decrease likelihood of repeat behaivor
Positive Reinforcement
Adding reward-
Trophy
Money
Praise
Negative reinforcement
Taking away bag things as reward
No Laps at the end of practice
Positive punishment
Adding difficulty/punishment
Extra laps
Yelling at athletes
Negative punishment
Taking away reward already had
No playing time
The Fear approach
Coaches as screamers
Punishment may result in fear of failure
Fear of failure may lead to…
Decreased enjoyment of sport
Increase in drop out
Sub par performance
Increased risk of injury
What explanations have been given for fear approach?
Recruiting
Actually Care
Reinforcement schedules?
Continuous- Used each time behavior occurs
Partial- Less frequent
Continuous reinforcement is good for
Young or unskilled athletes
Types of Partial reinforcement
Random schedule
Fixed schedule
Two sub-types of eating disorders
Restrictive (anorexia)
Binge eating/purging (Bulimea)
Anorexia Nervosa
Constant appetite Distorted view of appearance Denial of symptoms Excessive physical activity Compulsive personality
Bulimia nervosa
Distorted perception of appearance
Obsession with food
Able to maintain appearance while binging
Begins as means of weight control
How prevalent are ED’s
2% of general population
3-19% of women
47% overlap between anorexia and bulimia
Currently More women become bulimic first
Exercise as a casual factor
Feeling of control
Preoccupation with body image
Low weight and sport performance
Extreme role models for exercise
Similar characteristics between athletes and eating disorder individuals
Self control
Mentally tough
Perfectionist
Coachable/Complient
Major characteristics of reverse body dysmorphia
Preoccupation with body size and musculature
Distorted body image
Dissatisfaction with personal appearance
Cognitive
Objective information (from past experiance)
Perception
Bodily feelings and sensations
How is Perception of effort measured?
The Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale
What are the major physiological variables linked to perceived exertion?
Heart Rate
Ventilation
Lactate
Others
Heart rate is directly correlated with RPE workload scale except….
In long exercises where heart rate stays the same yet workload is higher
Long duration exercise
Heart rate does not indicate when exhaustion will occur
Low intensity exercise
Heart rate overestimates exertion at low workloads
Two primary cognitive strategies by runners?
Association
Dissociation
Association
Directing attention to the sensations of effort and fatigue
Used by elite marathoners
Pays attention to body
Perceived exertion
Dissociation
Deliberately ignore or distract self from sensations of exertion
Dissociative strategy treadmill findings
Tested in lab- Lung Gom Lab
28% increase in endurance time
Dissociation: Common Use
Music
Overtraining
A systematically planned period of maximum training volume and intensity intended to result in optimum performance
Staleness
A chronic drop in performance that is not alleviated short layoffs or reductions in training
Overtraining (stimulus) Adaption(response)
Improved performance
Overtraining (Stimulus) Staleness
Worsened performance
Symptomsof staleness
Mood state changes
How common is staleness? Greatest risk?
Rare but seen in all different age groups
64% in elite male distance runners
How is staleness treated?
Stop everything all together
Major findings of staleness
Preliminary studies suggest that mood state monitoring can be used to prevent some athletes from developing staleness
How can reinforcement be used as a source of feedback?
Knowledge of results
Knowledge of Performance
