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Sport Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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0
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Used for phobia treatment

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1
Q

What are the major features and aspects of mental Imagery? (Multisensory)

A 
Touch
Taste
Smell 
Vision
Kinesthetic
Visceral
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2
Q

Relaxation-anxiety control

A

Public speaking

Test anxiety

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3
Q

Skill acquisition learning

A

Correction of mistakes

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4
Q

Rehearsal

A

Memorization

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5
Q

Cognitive strategy

A

Negative thought stopping

Confidence Enhancement

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6
Q

Disease Treatment

A

Illness

Injury Recovery

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7
Q

Performance enhancement

A

Mental practice

Training

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8
Q

What are the major dimensions of imagery as it is used in sport?

A 
Perspective
Modality
Vividness/Clarity
Control
Outcome
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9
Q

Perspective

A

Internal: Imagine through own eyes
External: Imagine through someone watching you

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10
Q

Modality

A

Single sense vs. combinations

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11
Q

Vividness/Clarity

A

Very clear or not so clear

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12
Q

Control

A

Independent of vividness

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13
Q

Outcome

A

Successful vs. unsuccessful performance

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14
Q

4 goals of VMBR

A

Performance enhancement
Error correction
General preparation for competition
Confidence enhancement

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15
Q

Visu-Motor- Behavioral Rehearsal VMBR

A

Relaxation

Total sensory experience

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16
Q

Why imagery may improve motor performance

A

Confidence enhancement

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17
Q

Unresolved issues in imagery

A 
What is the mechanism/How does it work
How can imagery be measured
What about differences in ability to controal images and create vivid images
How much is too much?
KOR
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18
Q

Centering

A 
Relax, take a deep breath and exhale
Displace any negative
Focus attention on important cue
Concetrate proper form
Use internal attention focusing strategy
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19
Q

Psyching strategies to improve performance findings:

A

Not beneficial for speed or balancing
No evidence for physiological activation/arousal
Effects on strength mixed
Different psyching techniques
May interfere with skill acquisition for beginners

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20
Q

Basic findings regarding goal setting strategies (Locke and Latham)

A 
Specific goals work better than general
Difficult goals better than general
Short+Long term better than long alone
Feedback is necessary
Competition improves performance if it results in higher goals or commitment
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21
Q

Lock and Latham goal setting studies

A

Performance improvements were similar across all conditions
Problem: Groups had different starting points
Goal setting in sports don’t differ much from industrial setting

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22
Q

Attention Width

A

There’s also intermediate levels of attention focus

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23
Q

Attentional Direction

A

External- Focus on environment outside the body

Internal- Focus on inside- Thoughts, feelings, sensation

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24
Q

Attentional Categories

A

Broad external- QB
Broad Internal
Narrow external
Narrow Internal- Free throw

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25
Q

Errors due to attention

A

Over-inclusion

Under-inclusion

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26
Q

Overinclusion

A

Beginners
Taking in more information than athlete can process
Taking in irrelevant information

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27
Q

Underinclusion

A

Taking in too little information

28
Q

Reinforcement

A

Using rewards to increase likelihood of repeat behavior

29
Q

Punishment

A

Using punishment to decrease likelihood of repeat behaivor

30
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding reward-
Trophy
Money
Praise

31
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking away bag things as reward

No Laps at the end of practice

32
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding difficulty/punishment
Extra laps
Yelling at athletes

33
Q

Negative punishment

A

Taking away reward already had

No playing time

34
Q

The Fear approach

A

Coaches as screamers

Punishment may result in fear of failure

35
Q

Fear of failure may lead to…

A

Decreased enjoyment of sport
Increase in drop out
Sub par performance
Increased risk of injury

36
Q

What explanations have been given for fear approach?

A

Recruiting

Actually Care

37
Q

Reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous- Used each time behavior occurs

Partial- Less frequent

38
Q

Continuous reinforcement is good for

A

Young or unskilled athletes

39
Q

Types of Partial reinforcement

A

Random schedule

Fixed schedule

40
Q

Two sub-types of eating disorders

A

Restrictive (anorexia)

Binge eating/purging (Bulimea)

41
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A 
Constant appetite
Distorted view of appearance 
Denial of symptoms
Excessive physical activity
Compulsive personality
42
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

Distorted perception of appearance
Obsession with food
Able to maintain appearance while binging
Begins as means of weight control

43
Q

How prevalent are ED’s

A

2% of general population
3-19% of women
47% overlap between anorexia and bulimia
Currently More women become bulimic first

44
Q

Exercise as a casual factor

A

Feeling of control
Preoccupation with body image
Low weight and sport performance
Extreme role models for exercise

45
Q

Similar characteristics between athletes and eating disorder individuals

A

Self control
Mentally tough
Perfectionist
Coachable/Complient

46
Q

Major characteristics of reverse body dysmorphia

A

Preoccupation with body size and musculature
Distorted body image
Dissatisfaction with personal appearance

47
Q

Cognitive

A

Objective information (from past experiance)

48
Q

Perception

A

Bodily feelings and sensations

49
Q

How is Perception of effort measured?

A

The Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scale

50
Q

What are the major physiological variables linked to perceived exertion?

A

Heart Rate
Ventilation
Lactate
Others

51
Q

Heart rate is directly correlated with RPE workload scale except….

A

In long exercises where heart rate stays the same yet workload is higher

52
Q

Long duration exercise

A

Heart rate does not indicate when exhaustion will occur

53
Q

Low intensity exercise

A

Heart rate overestimates exertion at low workloads

54
Q

Two primary cognitive strategies by runners?

A

Association

Dissociation

55
Q

Association

A

Directing attention to the sensations of effort and fatigue
Used by elite marathoners
Pays attention to body
Perceived exertion

56
Q

Dissociation

A

Deliberately ignore or distract self from sensations of exertion

57
Q

Dissociative strategy treadmill findings

A

Tested in lab- Lung Gom Lab

28% increase in endurance time

58
Q

Dissociation: Common Use

A

Music

59
Q

Overtraining

A

A systematically planned period of maximum training volume and intensity intended to result in optimum performance

60
Q

Staleness

A

A chronic drop in performance that is not alleviated short layoffs or reductions in training

61
Q

Overtraining (stimulus) Adaption(response)

A

Improved performance

62
Q

Overtraining (Stimulus) Staleness

A

Worsened performance

63
Q

Symptomsof staleness

A

Mood state changes

64
Q

How common is staleness? Greatest risk?

A

Rare but seen in all different age groups

64% in elite male distance runners

65
Q

How is staleness treated?

A

Stop everything all together

66
Q

Major findings of staleness

A

Preliminary studies suggest that mood state monitoring can be used to prevent some athletes from developing staleness

67
Q

How can reinforcement be used as a source of feedback?

A

Knowledge of results

Knowledge of Performance

Sport Psychology (4 decks)

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