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Sport Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary steps of After Only designs

A

Step 1: Randomly Assign your subjects to the groups: Experimental and Control
Step 2: Evaluate the results

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2
Q

Weakness of After Only

A

Difference could be due to chance

Example: Effect of glucose on strength

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3
Q

Steps of Before After Design

A

Step 1: Randomly assign your subjects
Step 2: Conduct a pre-test
Step 3: Administer treatment and retest groups
Step 4: Evaluate results

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4
Q

What is pre-test sanitization?

A

The effect of taking a test

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5
Q

What is the problem with pretest sanitization?

A

Holding Back
Learned Something
Discomfort

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6
Q

Solution to pre-test sanitization

A

Change the order of treatments

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7
Q

The Halo effect

A

The experimenter knows something about the participant

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8
Q

Rosenthal Effect

A

Caused by actions of experimenter, knows results based on hypothesis

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9
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

Participants behavior changes due to special treatment

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10
Q

What is the solution to the rosenthal and halo effects?

A

Single Blind test

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11
Q

Solution for Hawthorne Effect

A

Double Blind

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12
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Cues or clues given by experimenter to the participant

Alert the participant to the hypothesis

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13
Q

Demand Characteristics result in….

A

The Rosenthal Effect

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14
Q

What is the pact of ignorance?

A

The participant does not admit to knowing the hypothesis or altering behavior

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15
Q

When placebos are present in a double blind study

A

Total Blind

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16
Q

What is the definition of personality?

A

Temporally stable
Cross- situational individual differences
Related to cognition emotions/feelings, and behavior

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17
Q

What factors influence the development of personality

A

Genetics
Environment
Developmental factors

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18
Q

<p>

| What factors are personality related to? 5 Characteristics</p>

A 
<p>
	Current theory identifies: </p>
<p>
	Openness to experience</p>
<p>
	Conscientiousness</p>
<p>
	Extraversion</p>
<p>
	Agreeableness</p>
<p>
	Neuroticisim</p>
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19
Q

Two categories of measures used in personality research

A

Projective

Non-Projective

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20
Q

Strengths and Weaknesses of Projective measures

A

Pros: Reveal unconscious thoughts, Hidden emotions and internal conflict
Cons: Rely mostly on clinical judgement, lack of reliability and validity

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21
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Non-Projective measures

A

Pros- More valid, results don’t rely on examiners beliefs and interpretation
Cons- Depend on subjects open and honestness

22
Q

Projective measures

A

Get information about psychological traits from interpretation

23
Q

Non Projective

A

Questionaires measure specific psychological variables

24
Q

What is test validity

A

Degree to which a personality test measures what it claims to meaure

25
Q

How to determine if personality test is truly Valid

A

3 Types of validity:
Predictive
Content
Construct: MUST

26
Q

Predictive Validity

A

A correlation between the test score and a behavior

Examples: SAT,GRE, LSAT, Wonderlic

27
Q

Content Validity

A

The content on the test must accurately reflect the behavior or skill of interest
Examples: academic, fitness, driving, typing tests

28
Q

Contruct validity is measured through what two forms of evidence?

A

Convergent

Discriminant

29
Q

Convergent evidence

A

The test must be substantially related with other measures of the same test or similar tests

30
Q

Why should the ACT, SAT, GRE and LSAT all be similar

A

They are measuring similar skills

31
Q

What is discriminant evidence

A

The test must not be substantially related with measures of test that are logically or theoretically dissimilar

32
Q

Hand eye coordination, SAT score and Extroversion being unrelated is an exable of

A

Discriminant evidence

33
Q

Summary of Gravitation

A

Personality difference between athletes and non athletes
Participation does not result in personality change
Personality changes are pre-existing (Born with)

34
Q

Summary of Change

A

Personality changes occur after sport participation only for athletes

35
Q

Define mental health model of performance

A

Psychopathology is inversely correlated with sports performance
Example: mental illness grows-> performance diminishes

36
Q

Psychological measures used in health model of performance

A 
Tension
Depression
Anger
Vigor
Fatigue
Used to predict successful and unsuccessful athletes
37
Q

The 1972 US Mens wrestling team and the 1975 US mens rowing show us:

A

Successful athletes were higher in positive psych varilables and lower in negative psych variables

38
Q

Reasons mental health model approach should not be used

A

Prediction levels don’t reach accuracy levels
Misidentified
Some athletes have intermediate profiles
Doesn’t account for important physiological factors in success
Ethical issues

39
Q

How successful is the mental health model approach

A

Consistently identified at 70-85% for success

40
Q

What factors associated with extraversion may contribute to athletic success?

A

Positively associated with perceptual reduction and physical strength

41
Q

What does research indicate regarding pain perception in athletes?

A

Athletes- Perceptual reducers

Contact sport athletes- Higher degree of perceptual reduction

42
Q

What % of the American public is currently physically active?

A

Less than 1/2 the population
Female: 42%
Male: 45%

43
Q

What is the trend for psychical activity over the past two decades?

A

Essentially there has been no change

44
Q

What percentage of exercisers are training regularly and intensively enough to actually improve fitness

A

22% (1 out of 5 adults)

45
Q

Average dropout rate to an exercise program?

A

55%

46
Q

When is the major drop out period?

A

6-8 weeks

47
Q

Define the abstinence violation

A

All or Nothing Syndrome

A single exercise session is missed it may lead to feelings of inadequacy or failure at exercise

48
Q

How to prevent Abstinence Violation

A

Education
Determine what is an acceptable miss
Identify high risk situations for missing
Flexible programs that emphasize success

49
Q

Smart Method

A

Specific- more specific= easier problem solving solutions
Measurable- not accountable unless quantified
Action-Oriented- take personal responsibility
Reasonable= expectations
Timed= short term is best, daily or weekly goals

50
Q

Goals influence performance by

A

Directing activity
Mobilizing effort
Increasing persistence
Motivationg the search for appropriate task strategies

51
Q

Two types of reinforcement that influence motivation

A

Intrinsic rewards- body image, mood change, body satisfaction
Extrinsic rewards- money praise prizes

Sport Psychology (4 decks)

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