Exam 2 Flashcards
Primary steps of After Only designs
Step 1: Randomly Assign your subjects to the groups: Experimental and Control
Step 2: Evaluate the results
Weakness of After Only
Difference could be due to chance
Example: Effect of glucose on strength
Steps of Before After Design
Step 1: Randomly assign your subjects
Step 2: Conduct a pre-test
Step 3: Administer treatment and retest groups
Step 4: Evaluate results
What is pre-test sanitization?
The effect of taking a test
What is the problem with pretest sanitization?
Holding Back
Learned Something
Discomfort
Solution to pre-test sanitization
Change the order of treatments
The Halo effect
The experimenter knows something about the participant
Rosenthal Effect
Caused by actions of experimenter, knows results based on hypothesis
Hawthorne Effect
Participants behavior changes due to special treatment
What is the solution to the rosenthal and halo effects?
Single Blind test
Solution for Hawthorne Effect
Double Blind
What are demand characteristics?
Cues or clues given by experimenter to the participant
Alert the participant to the hypothesis
Demand Characteristics result in….
The Rosenthal Effect
What is the pact of ignorance?
The participant does not admit to knowing the hypothesis or altering behavior
When placebos are present in a double blind study
Total Blind
What is the definition of personality?
Temporally stable
Cross- situational individual differences
Related to cognition emotions/feelings, and behavior
What factors influence the development of personality
Genetics
Environment
Developmental factors
<p>
| What factors are personality related to? 5 Characteristics</p>
<p> Current theory identifies: </p> <p> Openness to experience</p> <p> Conscientiousness</p> <p> Extraversion</p> <p> Agreeableness</p> <p> Neuroticisim</p>
Two categories of measures used in personality research
Projective
Non-Projective
Strengths and Weaknesses of Projective measures
Pros: Reveal unconscious thoughts, Hidden emotions and internal conflict
Cons: Rely mostly on clinical judgement, lack of reliability and validity
Strengths and weaknesses of Non-Projective measures
Pros- More valid, results don’t rely on examiners beliefs and interpretation
Cons- Depend on subjects open and honestness
Projective measures
Get information about psychological traits from interpretation
Non Projective
Questionaires measure specific psychological variables
What is test validity
Degree to which a personality test measures what it claims to meaure
How to determine if personality test is truly Valid
3 Types of validity:
Predictive
Content
Construct: MUST
Predictive Validity
A correlation between the test score and a behavior
Examples: SAT,GRE, LSAT, Wonderlic
Content Validity
The content on the test must accurately reflect the behavior or skill of interest
Examples: academic, fitness, driving, typing tests
Contruct validity is measured through what two forms of evidence?
Convergent
Discriminant
Convergent evidence
The test must be substantially related with other measures of the same test or similar tests
Why should the ACT, SAT, GRE and LSAT all be similar
They are measuring similar skills
What is discriminant evidence
The test must not be substantially related with measures of test that are logically or theoretically dissimilar
Hand eye coordination, SAT score and Extroversion being unrelated is an exable of
Discriminant evidence
Summary of Gravitation
Personality difference between athletes and non athletes
Participation does not result in personality change
Personality changes are pre-existing (Born with)
Summary of Change
Personality changes occur after sport participation only for athletes
Define mental health model of performance
Psychopathology is inversely correlated with sports performance
Example: mental illness grows-> performance diminishes
Psychological measures used in health model of performance
Tension Depression Anger Vigor Fatigue Used to predict successful and unsuccessful athletes
The 1972 US Mens wrestling team and the 1975 US mens rowing show us:
Successful athletes were higher in positive psych varilables and lower in negative psych variables
Reasons mental health model approach should not be used
Prediction levels don’t reach accuracy levels
Misidentified
Some athletes have intermediate profiles
Doesn’t account for important physiological factors in success
Ethical issues
How successful is the mental health model approach
Consistently identified at 70-85% for success
What factors associated with extraversion may contribute to athletic success?
Positively associated with perceptual reduction and physical strength
What does research indicate regarding pain perception in athletes?
Athletes- Perceptual reducers
Contact sport athletes- Higher degree of perceptual reduction
What % of the American public is currently physically active?
Less than 1/2 the population
Female: 42%
Male: 45%
What is the trend for psychical activity over the past two decades?
Essentially there has been no change
What percentage of exercisers are training regularly and intensively enough to actually improve fitness
22% (1 out of 5 adults)
Average dropout rate to an exercise program?
55%
When is the major drop out period?
6-8 weeks
Define the abstinence violation
All or Nothing Syndrome
A single exercise session is missed it may lead to feelings of inadequacy or failure at exercise
How to prevent Abstinence Violation
Education
Determine what is an acceptable miss
Identify high risk situations for missing
Flexible programs that emphasize success
Smart Method
Specific- more specific= easier problem solving solutions
Measurable- not accountable unless quantified
Action-Oriented- take personal responsibility
Reasonable= expectations
Timed= short term is best, daily or weekly goals
Goals influence performance by
Directing activity
Mobilizing effort
Increasing persistence
Motivationg the search for appropriate task strategies
Two types of reinforcement that influence motivation
Intrinsic rewards- body image, mood change, body satisfaction
Extrinsic rewards- money praise prizes
