Final Exam Flashcards
What is the following adaptation?
Seeds
arthropoda
exoskeleton; bilateral; segmented; most numerous animal phylum; open circulatory; gills, trachea, and book lungs
echinodermata
radial/bilateral; deuterosomes; coelumates; gas exchange via body source; endoskeleton
Ascomycetes
single-celled fungus, mostly asexual, inhabits liquid or moist environments, responsible for bread and wine and beer. Penicillium and edible mushrooms
What are the predator prey interactions?
warning colors, cryptic coloring, mimicry.
What are the three groups of chordates?
Tunicates, Lancelets, Vertebrates
How do Gene families come about?
Duplication of a single original gene
What is a lichen?
composite organism that arises by relationship b/t fungus and photosynthesizer (green algae or cyanobacteria)
Animal Classification Phylogeny
mollusca
bilateral; coclomate; no segmentation
nematoda
pseudocoelomates; bilateral; more than 80,000 species; no circulatory system; exoskeleton
Where does all this diversity come from? (History of life on earth)
Abiogenesis, Panspermia are the two theories widely believed.
Label the following flower parts.
Interspecific competition
occurs when members of different species use the same limiting resource.
Angiosperms are very diverse, why?
They are 90% of all plant species. Six times as many species of angiosperms as there are of all other plant species combined.
What is a HOX Gene?
Homeotic or developmental regulatory Gene’s that control when where and how other Gene’s are expressed
What are the alternation of generations of plants?
- The sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis 2. Spores germinate and divide by mitosis and develop into multicellular, haploid gametophytes 3. Gametophytes produce unicellular haploid gametes by mitosis 4. Two gametes unite during fertilization to form a diploid zygote 5. The zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte
How does natural selection operate through the formation of gene families?
Arrival of the fittest. Selection acts independently on each gene.
What do the flowers do for angiosperms?
Attract pollinators and develop into fruit.
Abiogenesis
life originated from abiotic precursors that existed here on earth.
What is ecology?
The study of the interactions of organisms with their enviornment
Commensalism
+/0
Occurs when one species benefits but the other species is unaffected.
What happened in the Archean?
• Origin of life (ca 3800 Ma) • Early organisms had methane, SO4 (sulfate) and H2 S (hydrogen sulfide) based metabolism, producing CO2 and alcohol as by-products. • Photosynthetic organisms appear (ca 3500 Ma) • Respired O2 accumulates and strengthens the ozone layer, trapping free oxygen below. The atmosphere is converted to an oxygen environment (3500- 2800 M
What is needed for co-evolution to happen?
Mutualism
Escalating “arms race” (predator/prey interactions)
co-speciation (host/parasite interactions)
What experiments did Miller and Urey conduct?
They synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors. (water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen)
chordata
notochord; dorsal hollow nerve cord; pharangeal gill slits; muscular postanal tail; dueterosomes; bilateral
Why was what happened in Cambrian important?
By the end of the Cambrian, all major phyla were present
What sets chordates apart?
- Notochord
- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- Gill pouches or slits
- Postanal tail
Consumption (predator-prey)
+/-
Occurs when one organism eats or absorbs nutrients from another, increasing the consumers fitness but decreasing the victims fitness.
What did early life look like?
made of species of bacteria and archaea
Why are HOX genes important?
They help layout the basic body forms of many animals including flies, worms and humans.
How can we test for co-evolution?
By testing differences in fitness
To be co-evolution, the predator-prey relationship
must be the primary selective force, and there must
be reciprocity in the response
Why do we see co-evolution occur?
Each participant in the coevolutionary
relationship
undergoes natural selection, with
the highest fitness associated
with genotypes that address
the partnership
Two types of mimicry
Batesian, Mullerian
Panspermia
life on earth originated from biotic or abiotic precursors that arrived from extraterrestrial sources.
What happened in the Hadean?
• Differentiation of Earth into crust, mantle and core • Origin of the atmosphere via volcanic outgassing (little free O2 ) • Condensation of water vapor to form freshwater lakes, streams, etc. (likely acidic due to volcanic activity) • Origin of continental crust (oldest dated rocks on earth are 3.96 billion years
porifera
sponges, have hollow body;
Zygomycetes
Primarily soil-dwellers, asexual reproduction, saprophytic and parasitic members responsible for rotting fruits and vegetables.
annelida
closed circulatory system; coelumate; divided into segments; bilateral; gills; ganglia
Competition
-/-
Occurs when individuals use the same resources resulting in lower fitness for both
Mutualism
+/+
Occurs when two species interact in a way that confers fitness benefits to both.
What are the 5 phyla of fungi?
Chytrids, Zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes
What are the 9 most diverse animal phyla?
Chordates, Echinoderms, Arthropods, Roundworms, Molluscs, Annelids, Flatworms, Cnidarians, Sponges.
Chordate tree
Intraspecific Competition
Occurs between members of the same species
What is the following adaptation?
Vascular Tissue
Symbiosis
Close interactions between species
What are the key features of prokaryotes
no nucleus, single-celled organism
Plant phylogeny
Glomeromycetes
Absorb phosphorus, nitrogen and other nutrients, as well as water, into roots of most of the plants living in grasslands and tropical forests. Host plant provides the symbiotic fungi with sugars and other organic compounds.
Batesian
Sheep in wolf’s clothing, the mimic isnt poisonous or dangerous
What kinds of responses do HOX genes generate in organisms?
They tell the cells of a fly when and where to start building wings. Even though eyes form differently they are all initiated by similar genes.
What is co-evolution?
Selection and evolution across species boundaries.
Selection driven by interaction between species.
NOT within or b/t populations of the same species!
What are the four key distinctions that divide animals?
- Does the animal have specialized cells that
form defined tissues? - Does the animal develop with radial
symmetry or bilateral symmetry? - During development, does the animal’s gut
develop from front to back or back to front? - Does growth occur by molting or by adding
continuously to the skeletal elements?
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms are cultivated or collected, capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase and important for wood decomposition, some form mycorrhizae that imporve health of forest, can also be parasitic
What are the key characteristics of protists?
Protist cells may contain a single nucleus or many nuclei; they range in size from microscopic to thousands of meters in area. Protists may have animal-like cell membranes, plant-like cell walls, or may be covered by a pellicle. Some protists are heterotrophs and ingest food by phagocytosis, while other types of protists are photoautotrophs and store energy via photosynthesis. Most protists are motile and generate movement with cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia.
Chytrids
primitive fungi that produce swimming pores. Found in water and soil.
What are the key characteristics of land plants?
apical meristerms, alternation of generations, tough, resistant spores from sporangia, special organs for production of gametes.
platyheminthes
bilateral; triploblastic; accolomate; no circulatory system; gas exchange through diffusion
How does a fungus live?
Fungi live in the soil, on forest floors, in water and even in plants, animals and the air. Digest then ingest, most are decomposers, some are parasitic and some are symbiotic.
Gymnosperms
naked seed
Mullerian
Two or more species have warning coloration that is similar.
What are the different fields of ecology?
• Individual
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
biotic, abiotic
What are the key features of vertebrate chordates?
The vertebrae, Jaws, Bony skeleton, Lobe fins, Limbs lungs and modified verterbrae, amniotic egg, hair long legs and mammary glands.
Why do we think all major phyla happened in Cambrian?
Intrinsic: something about animals changed Extrinsic: something about the environment changed
cnidaria
have true tissues; diploblastic; aquatic mostly
What is the following adaptation?
Embryo Protection
Does gene duplication play a role here and if so, how?
Yes, It’s the most important source of new genes.
Where are the chordates 4 primary features found in humans and other chordates?
What adaptations do you see in angiosperms?
Flowers and fruit
What are the key features of eukaryotes?
nucleus, cells can be single-celled or multi-celled.
