Final Exam Flashcards
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This word means “brining under control” -a “subduing” or “conquering of .”
Subjugation
This justification for slavery, often used by men such as George Fitzhugh and John C. Calhoun, said that bondage was needed because black people were naturally inferior.
Positive Good Argument
This justification for slavery acknowledged that bondage was perhaps morally wrong but more desirable than alternative systems of labor or racial solutions.
Necessary Evil Argument
This abolitionist and author of “American Slavery As It Is” sought to expose the atrocities of slavery in hopes of uprooting the institution.
Weld
The former Maryland slave and author of the autobiographical “My Bondage and Freedom” became the premiere black abolitionist.
Douglass
This author of “American Negro Slavery”, published in 1918, argued that slavery was a worthwhile institution whereby paternalistic slaveholders cared for childlike but contented blacks.
Phillips
This author of “The Myth of the Negro Past”, published in 1941, argued that the widespread belief that black culture had been uprooted by slavery was a mere myth.
Herskovits
The author of “The Peculiar Institution”, published in 1956, argued that slavery was a harsh institution that whereby sadistic slaveholders mistreated blacks and sought “to make them stand in fear.”
Stampp
This author of “Slavery”, a controversial study published in 1959, call for more comparative studies as he propounded the notorious “Sambo thesis.”
Elkins
This author of “The Slave Community”, published in 1972, argued that slavery did not dehumanize blacks because their significant others were not slaveholders but other black people.
Blassingame
This author of “From Sundown to Sunup”, published in 1972 as an introduction to the thousands of slave narrative that he edited, instead that slaves had the fortitude to retain their culture despite the harshness of slavery.
Rawick
This author “Unfree Labor”, published in 1986, agreed with Elkins that more comparative studies of slavery needed to be done and dismissed many of the claims of the “community and culture” school while stopping short of embracing the “Sambo thesis.”
Kolchin
These included Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware (slave areas that remained loyal to the Union when the Civil War erupted).
Border States
This Union general declared that slaves were “contraband of war” and refused to return them to their owners.
Butler
This Union general and first Republican Party candidate for president anger Lincoln by declaring martial law in a border state that had not yet seceded from the Union.
Fremont
This phrase means “under the command of the military”
Martial Law
He became noted in history for delivering the Confederate vessel the “Planter” into Union hands and is just one example of how blacks believed that the Civil War was about their freedom.
Smalls
Passed in 1861, this declared that slaves used in the war effort were free.
1st Confiscation Act
Passed in 1862, this decreed that slaves of owners in rebellion against the Union were free.
2nd Confiscation Act
Passed on January 1, 1863, this mandated that slaves of states in rebellion against the Union were free.
Emancipation Proclamation
Ratified in 1865, it ended slavery in the United States
Amendment 13
This premiere Confederate general and son of a Revolutionary War hero was a graduate of West Point, fought in the Mexican War, and was asked to lead Union forces by Abraham Lincoln but decided instead to serve his “country” of Virginia.
Robert E. Lee
This word means “goods taken from the enemy during war or by plunder”.
Booty
This Union general was a graduate of West Point, fought in the Mexican War, and accepted the surrender of the Confederacy at Appomattox Courthouse.
U.S. Grant
After earning a reputation for himself at Bull Run, this Confederate general was later killed during a reconnaissance mission at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Stonewall Jackson
This Union general would replace George B.McClellan only to be relieved of command at his own request after several bloody battles that did not capture Richmond.
John Pope
This Union general became infamous for his scorched earth policy during his “ March to Sea” in Atlanta, Georgia.
William Sherman
This Pennsylvania battle marked the second time that Lee unsuccessfully attempted to invade the North and was marked by carnage and loss of 25 percent of the troops on both sides.
Gettysburg
This 1861, conflict saw an unsuccessful attempt by Union forces, led by Irvin McDowell, to take over the Confederate capital at Richmond.
1st battle of Manassas (Bull Run)
After this six-week siege that ended on July 4, 1863 as the Confederates were starved into submission, the Union had control of the. Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in two.
Battle of Vicksburg
This September 1862 Maryland battle was technically a Union victory but overly cautious George B. McClellan allowed Lee to escape.
Battle of Vicksburg
This word refers to “a person who makes or less small articles of men’s clothing such as shirts, gloves, and neckties.”
Haberdasher
This half-mad actor assassinated Abraham Lincoln.
Booth
Its addition to the Constitution in 1870 seemed to guarantee black men the right to vote, but in reality the Ku Klux Klan, poll tax, and grandfather clause kept blacks from the polls.
Amendment 15
Its addition to the Constitution in 1866 attempted to give a guarantee of citizenship rights to blacks and repudiated Confederate debts and well as re-emphasized the due process clause.
Amendment 14
This word means “a person who has no settled home” or a “wander”.
Vagrant
This agency was originally established in March 1865 as a branch of the War Department to care for refugees but was reintroduced by the Radical Republicans to protect blacks and passed over Johnson’s veto.
Freedmen’s Bureau
This Supreme Court decision declared that the Union is indestructible, thereby validating the contentions of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
Texas v. White
Proposed by Congress, it contained the “ironclad oath” and required that a majority of Southerners in a given state be able to pledge past loyalty to the Union before the stated could be reconstructed.
Wade Davis Bill
This radical senator from Pennsylvania argued that blacks have complete equal rights, even requesting to be buried in a black cemetery to emphasize his point.
Thaddeus Stevens
Designed to preserve the job of the Secretary of War, this law decreed that members of the presidential cabinet could not be removed without the consent of Congress.
Tenure of office Act
This radical senator perhaps disliked Southerners so intensely because he had in 1854 been beaten senseless by Preston Brooks of South Carolina for comments that he mad about A.P. Butler.
Charles Sumner
This word refers to stripping of the right to vote.
Disenfranchisement
He served as Lincoln’s Secretary of War and was disliked by Andrew Johnson for sympathizing with the Radical Republicans.
Edward Stanton
One of several methods used to disenfranchise blacks in the late 1800s, these required the ability to read and understand/interpret a portion of the Constitution.
Literacy Test
This word means “self rule or control”.
Autonomy
This word means “to accuse (especially a public official) of wrongdoing”
Impeach
It divided the South into 5 districts, placing each under martial law and requiring the writing of a new constitution.
Reconstruction Act
This lieutenant governor of Louisiana was one of several examples of black public servants during the Reconstruction era.
P.B.S. Pinchback
He was the first black man from Mississippi to serve in the U.S. Senate and was one of several examples of black public servants during the Reconstruction era.
Hiram Revels
In 1870 he became the first black man to save in the U.S. Senate, representing Mississippi.
Hiram Revels
After serving as sheriff, tax collector and superintendent of education in Bolivar County, Mississippi, he would represent Mississippi in the U.S. Senate in 1875.
Blanche Bruce
Originally used in old minstrel shows, this term would become synonymous with segregation in the American South.
Sambo Thesis
This South Carolina “rehearsal for Reconstruction” would see black people claim and work the land of their own once white owners fled to avoid Union troops.
The Port Royal Experiment
Proposed by Abraham Lincoln, this would have readmitted a given Southern state to the Union following the Civil War if a majority of inhabitants of the state could pledge future loyalty.
10 Percent Plan
Proposed by Andrew Johnson, this would have readmitted a given Southern state to the Union following the Civil War if a majority of inhabitants of the state could pledge future loyalty.
Amnesty Proclamation
This was an agricultural system whereby tenant farmers were allowed to turn in part of the produce in lieu of c has as rent.
Sharecropping
This was the collective term used to refer to laws passed by the South during the postbellum period to limit the freedom of blacks by forcing them to return to agricultural work.
Black Codes
This was a legal claim, comparable to a mortgage, to farmer’s crops; these crops were used as collateral by merchants who extended credit.
Crop Lein
