Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics:

What is the function of the Institutional Review Board

A

IRB reviews research plan (makes sure its ethical) and must approve it before data can be collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ethics:

Name the 8 Research Responsibilities as indicated in the APA Ethical Standards

A
  • analyze and report data fairly and accurately
  • preserve welfare and dignity of participants
  • review committee
  • benefits outweigh potential harm
  • no long-term negative effects
  • informed consent
  • right to withdraw
  • debriefing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Attitudes:
What are the three components to attitude?
What is the component in the alternative perspective?

A
  • Cognitive (think)
  • Affective (feel )
  • Behavioral (act)
  • Affective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Attitudes:

What are overt ways we measure attitudes?

A

Questions, likert scale, Bogus pipeline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Attitudes:

What is the problem with using overt measures of attitude? Which overt measure helps to address this?

A

They are self-reported.
May not be willing to express embarrassing view (social desirability).
Self-deception (not sure of own feelings)
Bogus pipeline (fake lie detector test) encourages honesty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Attitudes:

What is the IAT test?

A

Implicit Association Test. A covert measure of attitudes. How quickly you associate two concepts together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Attitudes:

Describe the LaPierre study which highlighted differences in attitudes and behavior

A
  • prof. traveling with young Asian couple
  • were refused service at one establishment
  • after travels wrote letters to each establishment “asking” if they could come’
  • 90% of the establishments said no
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Attitudes:

Describe the Theory of Planned Behavior

A
  • ATTITUDE, SUBJECTIVE NORMS (what you think other people want/expect you to do), and PERCEIVED CONTROL (do you feel like you have control in the situation) influence…
  • INTENTION
  • which may lead to the BEHAVIOR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:

What is subliminal persuasion? Is it effective in changing attitudes?

A
  • Below awareness but still processed by brain

- not very effective for attitude change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:

What is Self-Perception Theory as proposed by Bem?

A

We infer our attitude/how we feel by observing our own behavior within the scenario

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:

What is the theory of Cognitive Dissonance that was introduced by Festinger?

A
  • two thoughts don’t match up which creates physical discomfort and typically try to change attitudes to reduce dissonance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are norms?

A
  • Socially based rules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Influence:

What are descriptive norms?

A
  • what people normally do in a situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are injunctive norms?

A
  • what people should or shouldn’t do
  • not necessarily what people normally do
  • moral component
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Describe Sherif’s norm study

A
  • autokinetic effect: little pinpoint of light in entirely dark room appears to move bc our eyes are always moving
  • people estimated how much the light moved
  • also put people in groups to see if that would influence their answers; settled on 5 inches as group norm
  • even 1 year later the subjects reported same number bc they had internalized the group norm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Define conformity

A
  • “tendency to change perceptions, opinions or behaviors to be consistent with group norms”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Describe Asch’s conformity study

A
  • task was to indicate which line length matched
  • one person in group was real subject, others were confederates
  • confederates gave some wrong answers
  • subject went along with group even if the answer was obviously wrong
  • believed group was correct
  • went along w/ group to prevent disruption (normative conformity)
  • variation when had a partner subject less likely to go with group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are the factors that increase/decrease conformity

A
  • anonymity - decreases
  • motivation - increases for hard task, decreases for easy
  • ambiguity - unclear task increases conformity
  • unanimity - unanimity in group increase; break in group decreases
  • size of majority - bigger majority increases (Law of diminishing returns: adding ppl to group past 4 has less and less effect)
  • gender - depends on task; increases if stereotypical task for opposite gender
  • age - higher in adolescence, lowest early childhood, low at elderly stage
  • culture - individualistic decrease, collectivistic increase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conformity:

What is the door in the face method?

A
  • door in the face: ask for large request and denied, then ask for small favor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conformity:

What is the foot in the door method?

A
  • foot in the door: ask for small request and get compliance, then ask for bigger request
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Self:

What is self-concept?

A
  • beliefs about yourself
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Self:

Describe the ability of self-recognition

A
  • self-recog.: ability to identify self as different from other
  • emerges in humans about 18 months - 2 years
  • ex. Rouge test - put dot on child’s face and put in front of mirror. If touch face then has recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Self:

What are self-schemas? What does it mean to be schematic for a trait? Aschematic?

A
  • def: organization of different traits that relate to yourself, including roles, traits, etc.
  • schematic: trait is important to you and how you view yourself; also use this trait to judge others
  • aschematic: trait isn’t important to sense of self; also won’t usually use this trait to judge others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Self:

What is trait vs. state self-esteem?

A
  • trait: generally throughout time this is stable

- state: fluctuates, how you feel right now in moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Self - Maintaining Self-Concept: | What is self-handicapping?
- actions people take to handicap performance (ensure failure) to provide an excuse for anticipated failure
26
Self - Maintaining Self-Concept: | What is BIRG?
- basking in reflected glory | - more likely to associate ourselves with successful people/groups to maintain our positive self-concept
27
Self - Maintaining Self-Concept: | What are self-serving cognitions?
- taking credit for successes and distancing yourself from failures
28
Person Perception: | What is attribution?
- when we see a behavior we try to figure out why someone is doing it
29
Person Perception: | Explain Heider's distinction between personal attributions and situational attributions
- personal: attribute behavior due to internal characteristics of the person (ex. personality, mood, ability) - situational: attribute behavior to factors external to the person (maybe even to a different person)
30
Person Perception: | Describe Kelley's covariation theory and what types of info we look for (CDC)
- in order for A to cause B (behavior), A must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior doesn't occur - Consensus - how do different people react to same stim - Distinctiveness - how the same person reacts to different stimuli - Consistency- what happens another time when the person and the stimulus are the same
31
Person Perception: | What are the patterns leading to external or internal attributions?
- external: high consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency - internal: low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
32
Person Perception: | What is the fundamental attribution error?
- fundamental attribution error: overestimate personal causes and underestimate situational causes - pay more attention to person (in foreground) than the situation (in background) - more likely to make this error when we're cognitively busy - with more time and motivation less likely - happens more often in individualistic cultures
33
Person Perception: | What is the actor-observer effect attribution error?
- actors tend to make external attributions while observers tend to make internal attributions - bc of perspective - observers focused on person, actor focused on something else - we have diff info about distinctiveness and consistency than people have about us
34
Person Perception: | What is the ultimate attribution error?
- when making attributions about ingroup good things att as internal, bad things as external - when attributions about outgroup: good as external, bad as internal
35
Person Perception: | What is the self-serving bias attribution error?
- make attributions to maintain a favorable self-concept - internal att for good things - external att for bad things (ex. blame on someone else)
36
Person Perception: | What is confirmation bias?
- interpreting, seeking, or creating info to verify existing beliefs
37
Person Perception: | What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
- our expectations lead us to behave in ways that alter the behavior of others - 3 parts: expectations, our behavior, target's behavior
38
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What are stereotypes?
- BELIEF that a group of people share certain traits
39
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?
- we assume greater similarity among members of the outgroup than the ingroup - we're better at identfying members of our ingroup (ex. same ethnic background) - bc we have more contact with members of our ingroup
40
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What is prejudice?
- positive or negative FEELINGS toward a person based on their group membership
41
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What is discrimination?
- positive or negative BEHAVIOR toward a person based on their group membership
42
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | Can we suppress stereotypes? What is the rebound effect?
- rebound effect: if we try to suppress stereotypes they usually come back even stronger - rebound effect can affect our behavior
43
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | Describe Sherif's robbers cave study and how it related to prejudice
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | Describe Sherif's robbers cave study and how it related to prejudice
44
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What contributes to stereotype survival?
- attributions (diff for members or ingroup or outgroup) - ultimate att error (help maintain favorable view of ingroup) - subtyping (make exceptions for certain individuals in the overall stereotyped group)
45
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | Describe Tajfel's social identity theory and how it can lead to derogation of the outgroup
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | Describe Tajfel's social identity theory and how it can lead to derogation of the outgroup
46
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?
- hostile: having neg. feelings about women's abilities - benevolent: pos. feelings towards women but patronizing behaviors - countries with inequality tend to have more of both - high in one also tend to be high in the other
47
Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: | What is aversive/implicit racism?
- people don't want to be racist but still harbor unconscious prejudice/discrimination - can use IAT test to predict behavior and attitudes
48
Helping: | What are Latane and Darley's steps for helping?
- Noticing - Interpreting - Taking Responsibility - Decide - Help
49
Helping: | What is pluralistic ignorance?
- think other people know more about the situation than you
50
Helping: | What is the bystander effect?
- more people that are around in a situation, less likely any of those individuals will call for help
51
Helping: | What is diffusion of responsibility?
- more people there are, more diffused responsibility is among people - individuals feels as if it is less their own responsibility
52
Aggression: | What is aggression?
- behavior intentional/intended to cause harm to another person
53
Aggression: | What is violence?
- extreme aggression
54
Aggression: | What is proactive/instrumental aggression?
- inflicting harm as a means to an end
55
Aggression: | What is reactive/emotional aggression?
- being aggressive for the sake of being aggressive
56
Aggression: | What is physical/overt aggression?
- any kind of physical aggression (ex. hitting, kicking, etc.)
57
Aggression: | What is indirect/relational aggression?
- spreading rumors, manipulating relationships with the intention to cause harm to another person
58
Aggression: | Describe the Berkowitz study
- would people be more aggressive in the presence of weapons (aggression eliciting stimuli) - yes, subjects who were angry and in the presence of weapons were more likely to be aggressive (deliver more and longer shocks)
59
Attraction: | What is the evolutionary theory regarding attraction?
- goal to pass on genes | - ignore any attraction other than heterosexual
60
Attraction: | What are the optimal characteristics each sex looks for in a mate?
- males look for: physical attractiveness, loyalty, nurturing, younger - females look for: resources, maturity/older
61
Attraction: | What are the optimal mating behaviors for males and females? Why the difference?
- males - mate with as many females as possible - females - fewer partners - parental investment theory: men and women invest diff amounts of time and effort into offspring so behaviors are diff
62
Attraction: | What are attractive characteristics?
- symmetry, wast to hip ratio, eyes, teeth, cheek bones, smile, height
63
Attraction: | How is familiarity important in attraction? What were Zajonc's finding regarding mere exposure?
- more you get to know someone the more you like them - mere exposure: more you encounter a stimulus, the more you like it - Zajonc showed words to ppl and found that they preferred those they had seen more often
64
Attraction: | What are the exceptions for mere exposure?
- awareness (know you've seen something before) - initial dislike - overexposure: dislike a stimulus if too much exposure to it
65
Attraction: | How does similarity and dissimilarity relate to attraction?
- more similar we are to someone, the more we like them - tend to be more similar to our friends and partners - dissimilarity: we dislike people who are dissimilar and tend to avoid them
66
Attraction: | What is Balance Theory?
- we like relationships that are reciprocal (ex. both like or dislike each other) - unbalanced: like your partner, like your friend, friend doesn't like partner
67
Attraction: | How does physiological arousal (excitation transfer) relate to attraction?
- physically excited - transfer that excitement to a person
68
Attraction: | What is the contrast effect?
- perception of a stimulus changes when you compare/contrast it with something else - works for limited amount of time
69
Attraction: | What upsets each of the sexes more when it comes to sexual/emotional infidelity?
- women more upset if partner has strong emotional connection to someone else - men more upset if partner has intercourse with someone else
70
Attraction: | What is Social Exchange Theory?
- in relationships we want to maximize benefits and minimize costs; benefits > costs
71
Attraction: | What is Equity Theory?
- ratio of your benefits and your contributions should be almost equal to partner's benefits and partner's contributions for satisfactory relationship
72
Attraction: | What are the four attachment styles?
- secure; low anxiety, low avoidance - fearful: high avoidance, high anxiety - preoccupied: low avoidance, high anxiety - dismissing: low anxiety, high avoidance
73
Attraction: | What is Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love?
- combination of three components: intimacy, commitment and passion