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PSY 202 - Social Psychology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ethics:

What is the function of the Institutional Review Board

A

IRB reviews research plan (makes sure its ethical) and must approve it before data can be collected

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2
Q

Ethics:

Name the 8 Research Responsibilities as indicated in the APA Ethical Standards

A
  • analyze and report data fairly and accurately
  • preserve welfare and dignity of participants
  • review committee
  • benefits outweigh potential harm
  • no long-term negative effects
  • informed consent
  • right to withdraw
  • debriefing
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3
Q

Attitudes:
What are the three components to attitude?
What is the component in the alternative perspective?

A
  • Cognitive (think)
  • Affective (feel )
  • Behavioral (act)
  • Affective
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4
Q

Attitudes:

What are overt ways we measure attitudes?

A

Questions, likert scale, Bogus pipeline

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5
Q

Attitudes:

What is the problem with using overt measures of attitude? Which overt measure helps to address this?

A

They are self-reported.
May not be willing to express embarrassing view (social desirability).
Self-deception (not sure of own feelings)
Bogus pipeline (fake lie detector test) encourages honesty

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6
Q

Attitudes:

What is the IAT test?

A

Implicit Association Test. A covert measure of attitudes. How quickly you associate two concepts together

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7
Q

Attitudes:

Describe the LaPierre study which highlighted differences in attitudes and behavior

A
  • prof. traveling with young Asian couple
  • were refused service at one establishment
  • after travels wrote letters to each establishment “asking” if they could come’
  • 90% of the establishments said no
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8
Q

Attitudes:

Describe the Theory of Planned Behavior

A
  • ATTITUDE, SUBJECTIVE NORMS (what you think other people want/expect you to do), and PERCEIVED CONTROL (do you feel like you have control in the situation) influence…
  • INTENTION
  • which may lead to the BEHAVIOR
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9
Q

Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:

What is subliminal persuasion? Is it effective in changing attitudes?

A
  • Below awareness but still processed by brain

- not very effective for attitude change

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10
Q

Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:

What is Self-Perception Theory as proposed by Bem?

A

We infer our attitude/how we feel by observing our own behavior within the scenario

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11
Q

Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:

What is the theory of Cognitive Dissonance that was introduced by Festinger?

A
  • two thoughts don’t match up which creates physical discomfort and typically try to change attitudes to reduce dissonance
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12
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are norms?

A
  • Socially based rules
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13
Q

Influence:

What are descriptive norms?

A
  • what people normally do in a situation
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14
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are injunctive norms?

A
  • what people should or shouldn’t do
  • not necessarily what people normally do
  • moral component
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15
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Describe Sherif’s norm study

A
  • autokinetic effect: little pinpoint of light in entirely dark room appears to move bc our eyes are always moving
  • people estimated how much the light moved
  • also put people in groups to see if that would influence their answers; settled on 5 inches as group norm
  • even 1 year later the subjects reported same number bc they had internalized the group norm
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16
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Define conformity

A
  • “tendency to change perceptions, opinions or behaviors to be consistent with group norms”
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17
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

Describe Asch’s conformity study

A
  • task was to indicate which line length matched
  • one person in group was real subject, others were confederates
  • confederates gave some wrong answers
  • subject went along with group even if the answer was obviously wrong
  • believed group was correct
  • went along w/ group to prevent disruption (normative conformity)
  • variation when had a partner subject less likely to go with group
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18
Q

Conformity - Social Influence:

What are the factors that increase/decrease conformity

A
  • anonymity - decreases
  • motivation - increases for hard task, decreases for easy
  • ambiguity - unclear task increases conformity
  • unanimity - unanimity in group increase; break in group decreases
  • size of majority - bigger majority increases (Law of diminishing returns: adding ppl to group past 4 has less and less effect)
  • gender - depends on task; increases if stereotypical task for opposite gender
  • age - higher in adolescence, lowest early childhood, low at elderly stage
  • culture - individualistic decrease, collectivistic increase
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19
Q

Conformity:

What is the door in the face method?

A
  • door in the face: ask for large request and denied, then ask for small favor
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20
Q

Conformity:

What is the foot in the door method?

A
  • foot in the door: ask for small request and get compliance, then ask for bigger request
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21
Q

Self:

What is self-concept?

A
  • beliefs about yourself
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22
Q

Self:

Describe the ability of self-recognition

A
  • self-recog.: ability to identify self as different from other
  • emerges in humans about 18 months - 2 years
  • ex. Rouge test - put dot on child’s face and put in front of mirror. If touch face then has recognition
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23
Q

Self:

What are self-schemas? What does it mean to be schematic for a trait? Aschematic?

A
  • def: organization of different traits that relate to yourself, including roles, traits, etc.
  • schematic: trait is important to you and how you view yourself; also use this trait to judge others
  • aschematic: trait isn’t important to sense of self; also won’t usually use this trait to judge others
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24
Q

Self:

What is trait vs. state self-esteem?

A
  • trait: generally throughout time this is stable

- state: fluctuates, how you feel right now in moment

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25
Q

Self - Maintaining Self-Concept:

What is self-handicapping?

A
  • actions people take to handicap performance (ensure failure) to provide an excuse for anticipated failure
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26
Q

Self - Maintaining Self-Concept:

What is BIRG?

A
  • basking in reflected glory

- more likely to associate ourselves with successful people/groups to maintain our positive self-concept

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27
Q

Self - Maintaining Self-Concept:

What are self-serving cognitions?

A
  • taking credit for successes and distancing yourself from failures
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28
Q

Person Perception:

What is attribution?

A
  • when we see a behavior we try to figure out why someone is doing it
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29
Q

Person Perception:

Explain Heider’s distinction between personal attributions and situational attributions

A
  • personal: attribute behavior due to internal characteristics of the person (ex. personality, mood, ability)
  • situational: attribute behavior to factors external to the person (maybe even to a different person)
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30
Q

Person Perception:

Describe Kelley’s covariation theory and what types of info we look for (CDC)

A
  • in order for A to cause B (behavior), A must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior doesn’t occur
  • Consensus - how do different people react to same stim
  • Distinctiveness - how the same person reacts to different stimuli
  • Consistency- what happens another time when the person and the stimulus are the same
31
Q

Person Perception:

What are the patterns leading to external or internal attributions?

A
  • external: high consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency
  • internal: low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
32
Q

Person Perception:

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • fundamental attribution error: overestimate personal causes and underestimate situational causes
  • pay more attention to person (in foreground) than the situation (in background)
  • more likely to make this error when we’re cognitively busy
  • with more time and motivation less likely
  • happens more often in individualistic cultures
33
Q

Person Perception:

What is the actor-observer effect attribution error?

A
  • actors tend to make external attributions while observers tend to make internal attributions
  • bc of perspective
  • observers focused on person, actor focused on something else
  • we have diff info about distinctiveness and consistency than people have about us
34
Q

Person Perception:

What is the ultimate attribution error?

A
  • when making attributions about ingroup good things att as internal, bad things as external
  • when attributions about outgroup: good as external, bad as internal
35
Q

Person Perception:

What is the self-serving bias attribution error?

A
  • make attributions to maintain a favorable self-concept
  • internal att for good things
  • external att for bad things (ex. blame on someone else)
36
Q

Person Perception:

What is confirmation bias?

A
  • interpreting, seeking, or creating info to verify existing beliefs
37
Q

Person Perception:

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A
  • our expectations lead us to behave in ways that alter the behavior of others
  • 3 parts: expectations, our behavior, target’s behavior
38
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What are stereotypes?

A
  • BELIEF that a group of people share certain traits
39
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A
  • we assume greater similarity among members of the outgroup than the ingroup
  • we’re better at identfying members of our ingroup (ex. same ethnic background)
  • bc we have more contact with members of our ingroup
40
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is prejudice?

A
  • positive or negative FEELINGS toward a person based on their group membership
41
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is discrimination?

A
  • positive or negative BEHAVIOR toward a person based on their group membership
42
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Can we suppress stereotypes? What is the rebound effect?

A
  • rebound effect: if we try to suppress stereotypes they usually come back even stronger
  • rebound effect can affect our behavior
43
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Sherif’s robbers cave study and how it related to prejudice

A

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Sherif’s robbers cave study and how it related to prejudice

44
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What contributes to stereotype survival?

A
  • attributions (diff for members or ingroup or outgroup)
  • ultimate att error (help maintain favorable view of ingroup)
  • subtyping (make exceptions for certain individuals in the overall stereotyped group)
45
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Tajfel’s social identity theory and how it can lead to derogation of the outgroup

A

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Tajfel’s social identity theory and how it can lead to derogation of the outgroup

46
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?

A
  • hostile: having neg. feelings about women’s abilities
  • benevolent: pos. feelings towards women but patronizing behaviors
  • countries with inequality tend to have more of both
  • high in one also tend to be high in the other
47
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is aversive/implicit racism?

A
  • people don’t want to be racist but still harbor unconscious prejudice/discrimination
  • can use IAT test to predict behavior and attitudes
48
Q

Helping:

What are Latane and Darley’s steps for helping?

A
  • Noticing
  • Interpreting
  • Taking Responsibility
  • Decide
  • Help
49
Q

Helping:

What is pluralistic ignorance?

A
  • think other people know more about the situation than you
50
Q

Helping:

What is the bystander effect?

A
  • more people that are around in a situation, less likely any of those individuals will call for help
51
Q

Helping:

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A
  • more people there are, more diffused responsibility is among people
  • individuals feels as if it is less their own responsibility
52
Q

Aggression:

What is aggression?

A
  • behavior intentional/intended to cause harm to another person
53
Q

Aggression:

What is violence?

A
  • extreme aggression
54
Q

Aggression:

What is proactive/instrumental aggression?

A
  • inflicting harm as a means to an end
55
Q

Aggression:

What is reactive/emotional aggression?

A
  • being aggressive for the sake of being aggressive
56
Q

Aggression:

What is physical/overt aggression?

A
  • any kind of physical aggression (ex. hitting, kicking, etc.)
57
Q

Aggression:

What is indirect/relational aggression?

A
  • spreading rumors, manipulating relationships with the intention to cause harm to another person
58
Q

Aggression:

Describe the Berkowitz study

A
  • would people be more aggressive in the presence of weapons (aggression eliciting stimuli)
  • yes, subjects who were angry and in the presence of weapons were more likely to be aggressive (deliver more and longer shocks)
59
Q

Attraction:

What is the evolutionary theory regarding attraction?

A
  • goal to pass on genes

- ignore any attraction other than heterosexual

60
Q

Attraction:

What are the optimal characteristics each sex looks for in a mate?

A
  • males look for: physical attractiveness, loyalty, nurturing, younger
  • females look for: resources, maturity/older
61
Q

Attraction:

What are the optimal mating behaviors for males and females? Why the difference?

A
  • males - mate with as many females as possible
  • females - fewer partners
  • parental investment theory: men and women invest diff amounts of time and effort into offspring so behaviors are diff
62
Q

Attraction:

What are attractive characteristics?

A
  • symmetry, wast to hip ratio, eyes, teeth, cheek bones, smile, height
63
Q

Attraction:

How is familiarity important in attraction? What were Zajonc’s finding regarding mere exposure?

A
  • more you get to know someone the more you like them
  • mere exposure: more you encounter a stimulus, the more you like it
  • Zajonc showed words to ppl and found that they preferred those they had seen more often
64
Q

Attraction:

What are the exceptions for mere exposure?

A
  • awareness (know you’ve seen something before)
  • initial dislike
  • overexposure: dislike a stimulus if too much exposure to it
65
Q

Attraction:

How does similarity and dissimilarity relate to attraction?

A
  • more similar we are to someone, the more we like them
  • tend to be more similar to our friends and partners
  • dissimilarity: we dislike people who are dissimilar and tend to avoid them
66
Q

Attraction:

What is Balance Theory?

A
  • we like relationships that are reciprocal (ex. both like or dislike each other)
  • unbalanced: like your partner, like your friend, friend doesn’t like partner
67
Q

Attraction:

How does physiological arousal (excitation transfer) relate to attraction?

A
  • physically excited - transfer that excitement to a person
68
Q

Attraction:

What is the contrast effect?

A
  • perception of a stimulus changes when you compare/contrast it with something else
  • works for limited amount of time
69
Q

Attraction:

What upsets each of the sexes more when it comes to sexual/emotional infidelity?

A
  • women more upset if partner has strong emotional connection to someone else
  • men more upset if partner has intercourse with someone else
70
Q

Attraction:

What is Social Exchange Theory?

A
  • in relationships we want to maximize benefits and minimize costs; benefits > costs
71
Q

Attraction:

What is Equity Theory?

A
  • ratio of your benefits and your contributions should be almost equal to partner’s benefits and partner’s contributions for satisfactory relationship
72
Q

Attraction:

What are the four attachment styles?

A
  • secure; low anxiety, low avoidance
  • fearful: high avoidance, high anxiety
  • preoccupied: low avoidance, high anxiety
  • dismissing: low anxiety, high avoidance
73
Q

Attraction:

What is Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?

A
  • combination of three components: intimacy, commitment and passion

PSY 202 - Social Psychology (4 decks)

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