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PSY 202 - Social Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Person Perception:

At zero acquaintance, how is physical appearance linked to personality?

A
  • round face, attractive = nice

- Halo effect: when we find others physically attractive we assume they have other positive traits (opp.is also true)

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2
Q

Person Perception:

At zero acquaintance, what 2 are the easiest traits of the “Big 5” to judge?

A
  • OCEAN
  • Openness
  • Conscientiousness (easy)
  • Extroversion (easy)
  • Agreeableness
  • Neuroticism
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3
Q

Person Perception:

Discuss Ambady’s “thin slices” of behavior

A
  • students shown short clips of teachers teaching and had to rate whether they would like the teacher
  • their ratings were compared to those of real students
  • both groups made same ratings
  • Ambady also did experiment where had to guess sexual orientation of individuals -result that they did better than chance
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4
Q

Person Perception:

What are the 6 primary facial expressions? (HFSSAD)

A
  • happiness
  • fear
  • sadness
  • surprise
  • anger
  • disgust
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5
Q

Person Perception:

Are perceptions of facial expressions innate?

A
  • yes, probably
  • across cultures people can identify the same expressions
  • infants make same expressions that adults to do without having to be taught (even blind infants)
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6
Q

Person Perception:

What are the best ways to detect deception?

A
  • faces are not good indicator
  • fidgeting
  • speech hesitations
  • higher voice pitch
  • more difficult to maintain eye contact and lie
  • more difficult to tell story in reverse order if lying
  • secret service agents better than chance at detecting lying
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7
Q

Person Perception:

Discuss Ashc’s research on impression formation

A
  • investigated if people could form an impression of a person by looking at list of traits
  • 2 lists; one list positive traits first, second list negative traits first
  • demonstrated that first bit of info is more important and that we weigh negative info more heavily than pos info
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8
Q

Person Perception:

What are central traits? Peripheral traits?

A
  • central traits have a powerful impact on our overall impressions
  • peripheral traits: traits that don’t have a big impact on overall ratings
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9
Q

Person Perception:

What are Implicit Personality Theories?

A
  • our ideas of the types of traits that tend to go together

- ex. think that other pos. traits go with “warm”

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10
Q

Person Perception:

What is information integration? Is it an average of the traits?

A
  • when put together, some types of info carry more weight than others
  • negative info weighed more
  • NOT an average of the traits
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11
Q

Person Perception:

What are perceiver effects in the context of first impression formation?

A
  • things about the perceiver influence how they see the target person
  • traits the perceiver is schematic on, mood, comparison to self
  • like ppl better when in good mood
  • compare to self, think no one else is as good at something as you are for instance
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12
Q

Person Perception:

What is attribution?

A
  • when we see a behavior we try to figure out why someone is doing it
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13
Q

Person Perception:

Explain Heider’s distinction between personal attributions and situational attributions

A
  • personal: attribute behavior due to internal characteristics of the person (ex. personality, mood, ability)
  • situational: attribute behavior to factors external to the person (maybe even to a different person)
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14
Q

Person Perception:

Describe Kelley’s covariation theory and what types of info we look for (CDC)

A
  • in order for A to cause B (behavior), A must be present when the behavior occurs and absent when the behavior doesn’t occur
  • Consensus - how do different people react to same stim
  • Distinctiveness - how the same person reacts to different stimuli
  • Consistency- what happens another time when the person and the stimulus are the same
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15
Q

Person Perception:

What are the patterns leading to external or internal attributions?

A
  • external: high consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency
  • internal: low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency
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16
Q

Person Perception:

What is augmenting and discounting when it comes to attributions?

A
  • augmenting: the role a factor in producing an outcome is enhanced when other limiting factors are present; make att stronger
  • ex. really good athlete if you exercise and have asthma (overcome limiting factor)
  • discounting: role of a factor in producing an outcome is diminished if other possible causes are present
  • ex. person does good on exam but cheated, so not a good student after all
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17
Q

Person Perception:

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A
  • fundamental attribution error: overestimate personal causes and underestimate situational causes
  • pay more attention to person (in foreground) than the situation (in background)
  • more likely to make this error when we’re cognitively busy
  • with more time and motivation less likely
  • happens more often in individualistic cultures
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18
Q

Person Perception:

What is the actor-observer effect attribution error?

A
  • actors tend to make external attributions while observers tend to make internal attributions
  • bc of perspective
  • observers focused on person, actor focused on something else
  • we have diff info about distinctiveness and consistency than people have about us
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19
Q

Person Perception:

What is the self-serving bias attribution error?

A
  • make attributions to maintain a favorable self-concept
  • internal att for good things
  • external att for bad things (ex. blame on someone else)
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20
Q

Person Perception:

What is the ultimate attribution error?

A
  • when making attributions about ingroup good things att as internal, bad things as external
  • when attributions about outgroup: good as external, bad as internal
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21
Q

Person Perception:

What is confirmation bias?

A
  • interpreting, seeking, or creating info to verify existing beliefs
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22
Q

Person Perception:

What is belief perseverance? Describe Snyder and Swann’s confirmatory hypothesis testing research that studied this

A
  • maintain beliefs, even if discredited
  • subjects were assigned to partner and told they were extroverted or introverted
  • had list of questions to ask them and tended to ask typical introvert questions to partners they were told were introverted (makes them seem more introverted)
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23
Q

Person Perception:

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A
  • our expectations lead us to behave in ways that alter the behavior of others
  • 3 parts: expectations, our behavior, target’s behavior
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24
Q

Person Perception:

Describe Rosenthal and Jacobson’s research that looked at self-fulfilling prophecies

A
  • told teachers that students will be given test to indicate if due for intellectual growth spurt
  • randomly chose kids and told teachers these ones were due
  • retested students at end of school year and those kids did better
  • likely subtle influences on teacher’s behavior that influenced kids’ behavior
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25
Q

Person Perception:

Describe the role of stereotypes in the self-fulfilling prophecy

A
  • stereotypes can inform out expectations and therefore influence our behavior which can influence target’s behavior (this behavior can then reinforce our stereotypes)
26
Q

Person Perception:

What are the 2 types of accuracy with person perception?

A
  • global: ability to predict how others will behave in general, across people, across situations
  • circumscribed: ability to predict how others will behave in your presence
  • we are better with circumscribed bc people are with you
27
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What are stereotypes?

A
  • BELIEF that a group of people share certain traits
28
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is prejudice?

A
  • positive or negative FEELINGS toward a person based on their group membership
29
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is discrimination?

A
  • positive or negative BEHAVIOR toward a person based on their group membership
30
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Racism and sexism are what?

A
  • Racism: prejudice and discrimination based on race

- Sexism: prej and discrim based on sex

31
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

A
  • we assume greater similarity among members of the outgroup than the ingroup
  • we’re better at identfying members of our ingroup (ex. same ethnic background)
  • bc we have more contact with members of our ingroup
32
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is the “kernel of truth”?

A
  • idea that there’s only a tiny bit of truth within stereotypes
33
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What contributes to stereotype survival?

A
  • attributions (diff for members or ingroup or outgroup)
  • ultimate att error (help maintain favorable view of ingroup)
  • subtyping (make exceptions for certain individuals in the overall stereotyped group)
34
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Sagar and Schofield’s study relating to stereotypes and our interpretations

A
  • middle school boys viewed pics of ambiguous situations where target was either African American or white
  • both African American and white students interpreted the behaviors as more mean if the target people were African American
  • shows that stereotypes influence our interpretations usually to be consistent
35
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Payne’e shoot-don’t-shoot study and how it relates to stereotypes

A
  • subjects shown pic of African Am. or white male with either a tool or gun
  • had to quickly hit “shoot” or “don’t shoot” button
  • faster to hit shoot button if person holding gun was Af. Am.
  • if holding a tool took longer to choose “don’t shoot” if target was Af. Am.
  • shows awareness of cultural stereotypes
36
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Are stereotypes automatic?

A
  • there are studies which hint that yes but also studies which hint at no
37
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is Devine’s stance on whether stereotypes are automatic?

A
  • stereotypes automatically come to mind as soon as we see someone
38
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What test did Greenwald and Banaji use to measure people’s automatic stereotypes?

A
  • IAT
39
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Gilbert and Hixon’s study and its relation to whether stereotypes are automatic

A
  • video where either a white or Asian woman held cue cards with missing letters
  • subjects more likely to finish words consistent with stereotype (ex. Rice, Short, Polite)
40
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Can we suppress stereotypes? What is the rebound effect?

A
  • rebound effect: if we try to suppress stereotypes they usually come back even stronger
  • rebound effect can affect our behavior
41
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

How does cognitive busyness hint that stereotypes aren’t automatic? Describe Gilbert and Hixon’s second study

A
  • when subjects were cognitively busy they were less likely to complete the words to be consistent with the stereotype
  • shows that it takes some cognitive effort to activate stereotypes
42
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

How does social acceptability relate to the rebound effect?

A
  • rebound effect changes depending on how socially acceptable our stereotypes are
  • also influenced by age of participants, intoxication, fatigue - more likely to have rebound effect under these conditions
43
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is stereotype threat?

A
  • concern over being negatively evaluated based on a stereotype triggers anxiety or under-performance
44
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Sherif’s robbers cave study and how it related to prejudice

A
  • factors that incited prejudice/neg. feelings towards the outgroup:
    competition/perceived competition
  • superordinate goal can help reduce the negative feelings
45
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Tajfel’s social identity theory and how it can lead to derogation of the outgroup

A
  • social identity theory: we can increase our self-esteem through affiliation w/ successful groups or by making our ingroup look good
  • derogation of outgroup: make outgroup look bad to make ingroup look better
46
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is Social Dominance Orientation?

A
  • desire to see ingroup as dominant and facilitate the oppression of the outgroup
47
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

How do kids and adults act towards the different sexes?

A
  • kids: prefer to look at new things (ex. used to one gender then want to look at other); at 3 months recognize categories of gender, 2-3 yrs recognize own gender
  • adults interact with babies differently depending on the baby’s gender
48
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Are gender stereotypes accurate? What is social role theory?

A
  • based on a kernel of truth

- real gender differences get exaggerated/amplified by the social roles that men and women occupy

49
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What are the differences that result when men and women are exposed to sexism?

A
  • men: tend to use more exist lang, act in more sexist ways toward women
  • women: tend to internalize, less self-confident, less independent, perform worse
50
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.: What is the difference between hostile and benevolent sexism?

A
  • hostile: having neg. feelings about women’s abilities
  • benevolent: pos. feelings towards women but patronizing behaviors
  • countries with inequality tend to have more of both
  • high in one also tend to be high in the other
51
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Katz and Braly’s racism study

A
  • 1933 - peole had to think about a group of people and use adjectives to describe; they were willing to admit pos. and neg. racial stereotypes
  • repeated study in 2001 - willingness to admit overt racism decreased, the racial stereotypes they did admit tended to be pos.
52
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is modern racism? What did Plous find in his study?

A
  • racism that comes out when it is safe/socially acceptable/easy to rationalize
  • Plous found that almost all his students reported instances of this during thanksgiving break
  • Modern racism scale
53
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is aversive/implicit racism?

A
  • people don’t want to be racist but still harbor unconscious prejudice/discrimination
  • can use IAT test to predict behavior and attitudes based on reaction times
54
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Fazio’s study with reaction time

A
  • Sequential priming task
  • pics of black and white target ppl, after looking at them had to read a paragraph and classify the words within it as good or bad
  • white subjects slower to classify good words as good when follows a black target
  • black subjects faster to classify bad words as bad when follows a white target
55
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Word’s study

A
  • white interviewers interviewed white and black applicants
  • looked at behavior of interviewers
  • sat further away from black applicants, less eye contact, more speech errors, shorter interview
56
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What is the contact hypothesis?

A
  • increased contact with ppl of diff ethnic backgrounds will improve inter-race relations
57
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

What happened when schools were desegregated? What factors are necessary for contact to improve racial relations?

A
  • initially made worse relations
  • factors:
  • equal status
  • personal knowledge (get to know each other on a personal level)
  • interdependent (have to rely on each other)
  • social norms need to be supportive
58
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Aronson’s jigsaw technique

A
  • tried implementing factors to improve relations in desegregated schools
  • gave each student one piece of info (made them interdependent)
  • children who participated showed reduced prejudice towards people of diff ethnicity, liked school more, liked group members
59
Q

Stereotypes, Prej., Discrim.:

Describe Steele’s study with stereotype threat

A
  • math test
  • women performed at same level as male subjects when told test was designed to be fair for both men and women
  • activating stereotypes can make ppl anxious and cause under performance
60
Q

Person Perception:

What is Jones and Davis’ correspondent interference theory? What are the factors of it?

A
  • people try to infer from action whether the act is consistent with an enduring personal trait of the target
  • choice - freely performed behavior more informative
  • expectedness -more informative if not expected
  • effects - acts that produce undesirable outcome tell you more about a person

PSY 202 - Social Psychology (4 decks)

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