Exam 1 Flashcards
Ethics:
How was the Central VA Testing Center incident unethical?
Performed procedures on mentally ill without consent. Performed sterilization and removed appendixes. Tied with eugenics movement.
Ethics:
How do the Nuremberg trials demonstrate ethical abuses?
Nazi members prosecuted for war crimes. Had performed very harmful medical experiments on people in concentration camps
Ethics:
How was the Tuskegee study unethical?
People sought treatment for syphilis but were given procedure so doctors could watch effects of the disease, even though already known it was fatal. Selectively chose not to treat African Americans. Similar scenario occurred in Guatemala
Ethics:
What is the function of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) as established by the Belmont Report?
IRB reviews research plan (makes sure its ethical) and must approve it before data can be collected
Ethics:
Name the 8 Research Responsibilities as indicated in the APA Ethical Standards
- analyze and report data fairly and accurately
- preserve welfare and dignity of participants
- review committee
- benefits outweigh potential harm
- no long-term negative effects
- informed consent
- right to withdraw
- debriefing
Ethics:
What are the special ethical circumstances when it comes to working with children?
- risk-benefit ratio
- protect kids from harm
- parental consent
- assent (age 7 and up, ask if kid wants to do it )
- confidentiality
- deception, debriefing
- control group rights (if treatment effective they can have it too at the end of the study)
Ethics:
What is plagiarism?
Taking someone else’s ideas without consent or proper credit.
Ethics:
What is fraud?
Faking data, saying something happened when it didn’t
Attitudes:
What is the definition of attitude?
Tendency to think, feel or act positively, negatively, or mixed toward something
Attitudes:
What are the three components to attitude?
What is the component in the alternative perspective?
- Cognitive (think)
- Affective (feel )
- Behavioral (act)
- Affective
Attitudes:
What are overt ways we measure attitudes?
Questions, likert scale, Bogus pipeline
Attitudes:
What is the problem with using overt measures of attitude? Which overt measure helps to address this?
They are self-reported.
May not be willing to express embarrassing view (social desirability).
Self-deception (not sure of own feelings)
Bogus pipeline (fake lie detector test) encourages honesty
Attitudes:
Describe the Word study in relation to looking at behavior as a covert attitude measure
- interracial attitudes
- job interview, behavior of interviewer was different depending on applicant’s race (ex. less eye contact, more speech errors, shorter interviews)
Attitudes:
Describe the Bargh study in relation to looking at behavior as a covert attitude measure
- scramble sentence task with stereotype about elderly people
- people who were exposed to the stereotype walked more slowly to the elevator
Attitudes:
Describe the Plous study in relation to looking at saliva as a covert attitude measure
- people’s reactions to racist comments
- looked at level of immunoglobulin which increases when you are anxious
Attitudes:
Describe how facial movements can be a covert attitude measure
- put sensors on face to detect tiny facial movements
- agree - cheeks move
- disagree - brows move
- can only tell yes or no (not how much you agree/disagree)
Attitudes:
Describe the use of an fMRI and what the Cunningham study found
- blood flow to different parts of brain; areas of activity
- in study people had to evaluate names of celebrities as good or bad
- found that amygdala region (deals with emotions) always activated, we’re always automatically judging
Attitudes:
What is the IAT test?
Implicit Association Test. A covert measure of attitudes. How quickly you associate two concepts together
Attitudes:
What is the difference between explicit and implicit attitudes?
Explicit: attitudes willing (or sometimes unwilling) to share
Implicit: automatic, without awareness, intention, or control
Attitudes:
Describe the LaPierre study which highlighted differences in attitudes and behavior
- prof. traveling with young Asian couple
- were refused service at one establishment
- after travels wrote letters to each establishment “asking” if they could come’
- 90% of the establishments said no
Attitudes:
Describe the Theory of Planned Behavior
- ATTITUDE, SUBJECTIVE NORMS (what you think other people want/expect you to do), and PERCEIVED CONTROL (do you feel like you have control in the situation) influence…
- INTENTION
- which may lead to the BEHAVIOR
Attitudes:
Why are attitudes and behaviors sometimes inconsistent?
- strength of attitude (stronger is is more likely to be consistent with behavior)
- self relevance (will outcome of attitude behavior affect you?) more likely to match if directly affects you
- direct experience
- behavior can impact attitudes
Attitudes:
Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model
- Central route to persuasion: thinking about message, evaluate strengths and quality of arguments and facts
- Peripheral route: influenced by superficial cues and don’t really think about the message
Attitudes:
Which route in the Elaboration Likelihood Model proposed by Petty and Cacioppo do people usually take?
- Central route: requires ability and motivation
- “cognitive busyness” - busy thinking about something else and may take peripheral
- distraction: may want to take central but become distracted
- personal involvement: more likely to take central route if it involves you
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:
Describe characteristics of the source (WHO) that will help maximize attitude change
- credible, competent, trustworthy
- ideally no/little self-interest
- celebrity, likeability, similarity, attractiveness
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:
What is the Sleeper Effect?
- delayed impact of a non-credible communicator
- more attitude change over time from a non-credible communicator
- people remember the message but forget the source over time
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:
Describe characteristics of the message (WHAT) that will help maximize attitude changes
- supportive arguments
- moderate discrepancy (enough room for attitude change but not too extreme)
- fear (moderate) and how to deal with/avoid that fear
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM:
What is subliminal persuasion? Is it effective in changing attitudes?
- Below awareness but still processed by brain
- not very effective for attitude change
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM: (WHAT)
Describe the mere-exposure theory in Kunst-Wilson and Zajonc’s study
- the more exposed you are to something the more you like it
- subjects repeatedly exposed to specific irregular octagon
- didn’t exactly remember the octagon but did show preference for it
- demonstrates small, not long lasting effect of subliminal persuasion
Attitudes - WHO says What to WHOM: (WHAT)
Describe Greenwald’s study on subliminal messages/persuasion
- wanted to test effectiveness of subliminal self-help recordings
- test baseline memory and self esteem
- given tapes for memory or self esteem (half of the tapes in the group were what they said (ex. memory) and other half were for other group (ex. self esteem)
- subjects did not show improvements in memory or self-esteem
Attitudes - WHO says WHAT to WHOM: (WHOM)
What characteristics of the audience may affect potential for attitude change?
- individual differences in need for cognition (high - like to think), mood (better mood, more likely to change attitude, or may be a distraction)
- forewarning may incite psychological reactance (push-back effect, do opposite of what’s suggested) or inoculation effect (know about arguments going to be used, build up resistance to them)
Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:
Is active or passive behavior more effective in attitude change?
- active because have to understand and pay attention to information
Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:
What is the theory of Cognitive Dissonance that was introduced by Festinger?
- two thoughts don’t match up which creates physical discomfort and typically try to change attitudes to reduce dissonance
Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:
In terms of CDT, what are parameters?
- Justification - if have external justification for behaviors you won’t feel dissonance.
- free choice: more likely to change attitudes to match behavior
- tough choices: creates CD when think about good traits of non-chosen; reduce CD by max. importance of traits in chosen
Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:
What is Self-Perception Theory as proposed by Bem?
We infer our attitude/how we feel by observing our own behavior within the scenario
Attitudes - Behavior Impacting Attitudes:
Describe the integration of CDT and SPT as proposed by Fazio
- if you have a strong attitude and violate that, you will feel dissonance and change attitudes
- if you don’t have a strong attitude you can infer from your behavior what your attitude might be
