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Final exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ectodermal derivatives

A

Surface ectoderm
Neural crest
Neural tube

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2
Q

What does surface ectoderm become

A

Epidermis
Hair
Mouth epithelium, tooth, enamel
Lens, cornea

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3
Q

What does the neural crest become

A
  • peripheral nervous system
  • neurons
  • glia
  • melanocytes
  • facial cartilage
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4
Q

What does the neural tube become

A
  • Brain
  • spinal cord
  • retina
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5
Q

Establishment of neural cells

A

Multipotent cells –> competance –> specification –> commitment –> differentiation –> neuroblasts

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6
Q

Neural plate formation

A

Neuroectoderm induced by pharangeal endoderm and dorsal mesoderm

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7
Q

Neural tube formation

A

Plate pushes on sides to form folds. Folds push to form neural tube

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8
Q

Neurulation

A

Neural tube formation

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9
Q

Anterior neural tube

A

Brain

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10
Q

Posterior neural tube

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

What undergoes neurulation first

A

Anterior. Posterior is still undergoing gastrulation during this

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12
Q

Where does primary neurulation occur

A

Anterior

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13
Q

Where does secondary neurulation occur

A

Posterior

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14
Q

What do midline ectodermal cells become during neural plate formation

A

Columnar

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15
Q

What induces midline ectodermal cells to become columnar during neural plate formation

A

Dorsal mesoderm and pharangyal endoderm

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16
Q

What induces medial hingepoint cells

A

Notochord

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17
Q

What are medial hingepoint cells anchored to

A

Notochord

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18
Q

What happens to the shape of hingepoint cells

A

Decrease in height, form wedge shape (cytoskeletal changes)

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19
Q

How does primary neurulation take place

A

Surface ectoderm (epidermis) pushes folds together
Paired folds adhere and merge
Neural crest cells migrate individually

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20
Q

What type of hinge points in primary neurulation

A

Dorsolateral hinge points (DLHP)

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21
Q

What are DLHP anchored to

A

Surface ectoderm

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22
Q

What happens to the shape of DLHP

A

Decrease in height, become wedge shaped

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23
Q

What purpose do hinge points serve

A

Neural tube pivots around hinge points

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24
Q

What happens within the cord in secondary neurulation

A

Cavitation within the cord

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25
Q

True or false, neural tube closure is simulataneous throughout the tube

A

False

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26
Q

How many closure initiation sites in mammals

A

3

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27
Q

How many open ends in mammals

A

2

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28
Q

Open ends in mammals

A

Anterior neuropore and posterior neuropore

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29
Q

Failure to close posterior neuropore

A

Spina bifida

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30
Q

Failure to close anterior neuropore

A

Anencephaly

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31
Q

Failure of the entire neural tube to close over the entire body axis

A

Cranioarchischisis

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32
Q

What causes neural tube defects

A

Complex genetic and environmental factors

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33
Q

What must neural tube cells do to prevent defects

A

Adhere to eachother, move as a tissue, separate from neural crest and epidermis

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34
Q

Genes responsibe for neural tube

A

Pax 3, sonic heddgehog, openbrain

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35
Q

Environmental factors that contribute to neural tube

A

Folic acid, low socioeconomic groups, seasonal variation, fungal contmination

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36
Q

Levels of neural tube differentiation

A
  1. Gross anatomical
  2. Tissue
  3. Cellular
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37
Q
  1. Gross anatomical
A

Neural tube and its lumen bulge and constrict to form the chambers of the brain and spinal cord

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38
Q
  1. Tissue
A

Cell populations within the neural tube wall rearrange themselves to form different functional regions of the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q
  1. Cellular
A

Neuroepithelial cells differentiate into numerous types of nerve cells (neurons) and supportive cells (glia)

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40
Q

How many primary vesicles in the early brain

A

3

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41
Q

How many secondary vesicles in the late brain

A

5

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42
Q

Another name for the forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

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43
Q

Another name for the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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44
Q

Another name for the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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45
Q

What causes inflation of the neural tube

A

Osmotic pressure from Na+/K+ATPase activity and production of CSF

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46
Q

Where is dye before occlusion

A

Stays in ventricles

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47
Q

What happens to the hollow cavity after occlusion

A

It disappears

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48
Q

Where does dye go after occlusion

A

Everywhere because tissue is reopened

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49
Q

How is the neural tube dorsalized

A

On the dorsal ventral axis

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50
Q

What induces dorsal ventral polarity

A

Signals from the immediate environment

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51
Q

What does the ventral pattern of the neural tube come from

A

Notochord

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52
Q

What does the dorsal pattern of the neural tube come from

A

Overlying epidermis

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53
Q

What sends info left and right and up and down to and from the brain

A

Interneurons

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54
Q

Where does sensory information enter on the neural tube

A

Posterior, dorsal

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55
Q

Where does motor information come out from on the neural tube

A

Ventral side

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56
Q

What side of the neural tube has high TGF-B early in development

A

Dorsal

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57
Q

What specifies what type of neuron is formed

A

Amount of BMP and Shh (gradient)

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58
Q

What encases the grey and white matter

A

Connective tissue

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59
Q

Where is the growth cone of a neuron

A

Axon

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60
Q

What does the growth cone control

A

Sensory and locomotor

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61
Q

What forms a synapse with the target tissue

A

Growth cone

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62
Q

What recieves impluses on the neuron

A

Dendrites

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63
Q

What do synapses connect

A

One neuron to another

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64
Q

Purpose of myelination

A

Prevents dispersal of electrical signals (faster)

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65
Q

Schwann cells

A

Wraps plasma membrane around the axon

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66
Q

Is gray matter myelinated

A

No

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67
Q

Is white matter myelinated

A

Yes

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68
Q

Glial cell job

A

Produce roads for migrating neurons to take (recognition, adhesion, direction of migration)

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69
Q

What direction do neurons travel

A

Towards a factor

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70
Q

Site of proliferation

A

Ventricular zone

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71
Q

How thick is the ventricular zone

A

One cell layer (cell goes through cell cycle, daughter migrates and remaining cell divides again)

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72
Q

What side of the neural tube does mitosis occur on

A

Luminal side

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73
Q

What direction are initial divisions

A

Horizontal

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74
Q

Where do the daughter cells of horizontal division attach

A

Luminal side

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75
Q

What direction is division as neuroepithelial cells differentiate

A

Vertical, daughter cell migrates

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76
Q

What cells does spinal cord neuronal differentiation form

A

Layers of the brain and spinal cord (must migrate)

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77
Q

Where do the earliest dividing cells of the spinal cord migrate

A

To closest layers

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78
Q

Where do the later dividing cells of the spinal cord migrate

A

Migrate farther

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79
Q

What do differentiated cells of the spinal cord migrate through

A

Preceding layers

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80
Q

Where do the axons of daughter cells extend to

A

Marginal zone

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81
Q

Where is the body of daughter cells

A

Intermediate zone

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82
Q

What zone is closest to the lumen

A

Ventricular zone

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83
Q

What part of the cell is in gray matter

A

Body

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84
Q

What part of the cell is in white matter (marginal zone)

A

Axon

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85
Q

Where does brain neural differentiation occur

A

Cerebellum (becomes cerebral cortex)

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86
Q

What part of the neural tube does the brain develop from

A

Cranial

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87
Q

What part of the neural tube does the spinal cord develop from

A

Posterior

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88
Q

What does the central canal of the brain form

A

Fluid filled spaces ((ventricles)

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89
Q

What are clusters of neurons in the brain called

A

Nuclei

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90
Q

How do layers of neurons interact

A

Horizontal layers interact

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91
Q

Neuroblast migration in brain

A

Migrate through white matter to form a second layer of neurons at the surface (gray matter)

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92
Q

Another name for gray matter

A

Neocortex, cerebral cortex

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93
Q

How many layers of neuronal cell bodies are formed in the brain

A

6, each layer received imput from a different region

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94
Q

How many regions is the brain divided into horizontally

A

More than 40

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95
Q

Neurotropins

A

Chemotactic factors which are chemattractive and chemorepulsive towards neurons (chemotaxis)

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96
Q

NGF

A

Nerve growth factor

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97
Q

BDNF

A

Brain derived neurotropic factor

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98
Q

CDNF

A

Conserved dopamine neurotropic factor

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99
Q

GDNF

A

Glial derived neurotropic factor

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100
Q

NT3, NT4.5

A

Neurotropins 3 and 4/5

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101
Q

What do neurotropins affect

A

Migration, neuronal cell death and synapse formation

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102
Q

What neurotropin is responsible for Huntingtons disease

A

BDNF

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103
Q

How does BDNF cause Huntingtons disease

A

Unregulated production

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104
Q

When are adult forms of the neocortex completed

A

Mid childhood

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105
Q

How many neurons are added to the brain per minute

A

250,000

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106
Q

How many synapses are formed per second during the first few years

A

30,000

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107
Q

Cause of microcephaly

A

Too little proliferation, failure of brain to grow at normal rate

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108
Q

Diagnosis of microcephaly

A

3 SD below the mean

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109
Q

Cause of macrocephaly

A

Too much proliferation

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110
Q

Diagnosis of macrocephaly

A

2 SD above the mean

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111
Q

When is myelination of the brain completed

A

Adulthood

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112
Q

Neural crest regions

A

Trunk
Vagal
Cranial
Cardiac

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113
Q

Initiation

A

Interactions between neural plate and presumptive epidermis

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114
Q

How do neural crest cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A

Migrate individually (no more e-cadherin)

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115
Q

What stimulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition of neural crest cells

A

Wnts, BMPs, FGFs

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116
Q

What do neural crest cells become

A

PNS, adrenal medulla, melaoncytes, facial carilage, dentine in teeth

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117
Q

What does the PNS become

A

Schwann cells
Neuroglial cells
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system

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118
Q

What is considered the 4th germ layer

A

Neural crest cells

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119
Q

What is the vagal region names after

A

The vagal nerve

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120
Q

What does the vagal nerve innervate

A

The heart

121
Q

Another name for cranial neural crest

A

Cephalic

122
Q

What is created from the cranial neural crest

A

Facial cartilage and bone
Cranial neurons
Glia
Connective tissue

123
Q

What do cranial neural crest that have entered the pharangeal arches form

A

Thymic cells
Odontoblasts of tooth primordia
Bones of the middle ear and jaw

124
Q

How many pharangyeal arches are there

A

4

125
Q

What do NC cells contribute to in facial development

A 
Skeletal elements (face, hyoid) 
Cartilage elements (trachea)
Inner ear bones 
Cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, X)
126
Q

Why do they say the face reflects the brain

A

Made up of the same cells

127
Q

Where does the heart begin to form

A

In the neck region below the pharangyeal arches

128
Q

What do cardiac NC form

A

Endocardial lining, septum between aorta and pulmonary artery (divides truncus arteriosis)

129
Q

What do humans who have congenital heart defects also have defects of

A

Parathyroid, thyroid and thymus gland

130
Q

Why do humans have defects in these areas because of heart defect

A

Human cardiac NC cells also migrate to arches 3 and 4 which contribute to these parts

131
Q

Two migration pathways os NC cells

A

Ventrolateral

Dorsolateral

132
Q

Ventrolateral pathway

A

Early migration, into and through the anterior (not posterior) half of the somite

133
Q

What does the ventrolateral differentiate into

A

Dorsal and root ganglia

134
Q

Dorsolateral pathway

A

Later migration, travel between ectoderm and somite mesoderm, later move into epidermis

135
Q

What does the dorsolateral pathway form

A

Melanocytes

136
Q

Where is the dorsolateral pathway

A

Between epidermis and dermis (colonize hair and skin follicles)

137
Q

What do vagal and sacral neural crest cells generate

A

Parasympathetic (enteric) ganglia of the gut

138
Q

What does surface ectoderm become

A 
Epidermis 
Hair 
Nails 
Sebacous glands 
Olfactory epithelium 
Mouth epithelium 
Lens, cornea
139
Q

What does the mouth epithelium become

A

Anterior pituitary
Tooth enamel
Cheek epithelium

140
Q

Somites

A

Whirls of mesoderm on both sides of the neural tube

141
Q

Mesodermal layers

A

Somatic mesoderm on top
Coelom in middle
Splynchic mesoderm on bottom

142
Q

Where do migrating mesodermal cells go

A

Form a layer of the mesoderm

143
Q

Where are more organized structures located

A

Anterior, eventually posterior will become more specialiezed

144
Q

What is notochord made of

A

Mesoderm

145
Q

Another name for notochord

A

Chordomesoderm

146
Q

As you more farther from the neural tube, _____ increases

A

BMP

147
Q

Mesodermal structures

A 
Muscle 
Bone 
Vertebrae
Tendon 
Kidney 
Primordial germ cells
148
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm become

A

Head and somite

149
Q

What does the somite become

A 
Sclerotome
Syndotome
Myotome 
Endothelial cells 
Dermatome
150
Q

What will sclerotome become

A

Cartilage

151
Q

What will syndotome become

A

Tendons

152
Q

What will myotome become

A

Muscles

153
Q

What will dermatome become

A

Dermis and skeletal muscle

154
Q

What will lateral plate mesoderm become

A

Splanchnic
Somatic
Extraembryonic

155
Q

What will splanchnic become

A

Circulatory system

156
Q

What will somatic become

A

Body cavity

157
Q

What will intermediate mesoderm become

A

Kidney and gonads

158
Q

How are mesodermal subdivisions specified

A

Amount of BMP

159
Q

What has the most BMP4

A

Lateral mesoderm

160
Q

What do different BMP expressions cause differences in

A

Foxhead family expression

161
Q

What does expression of different fox result in

A

Different mesodermal fates

162
Q

Somitogenesis

A

Somite formation

163
Q

How do somites form

A

Paraxial mesoderm organizes into whirls

164
Q

What direction does somite formation happen in

A

Anterior to posterior

165
Q

Sometomere

A

Forming ball, only called the somite when the ball is fully formed

166
Q

Somitogenesis steps

A 
Periodicity 
Fissure formation 
Epithelialization 
Specification 
Differentiation
167
Q

Periodicity

A

Reacting to time point

168
Q

Fissure formation

A

Separates ball of mesoderm

169
Q

Epithelialization

A

Epithelial layer surrounds the somite

170
Q

Specification and differentiation

A

Tells the cells what to become

171
Q

Mechanism of somite formation

A

Clock (Wnt) and wave (notch)

Cyclic activation of notch and wnt pathways

172
Q

What happens when a new border is transplanted in the middle

A

New border causes extra somite

173
Q

Where is the signal to make somites long before somite formation

A

Paraxial mesoderm

174
Q

What is responsible for creating the border

A

Notch

175
Q

What happens to mesenchymal mesoderm during epithelialization

A

Transforms into a hollow ball

176
Q

Polarization of cells during epithelialization

A 
Sub apical surface (inward) 
Basal membrane (outside)
177
Q

Where are tight junctions formed during epithelialization

A

Between basal lamina

178
Q

What is synthesized during epithelialization

A

Extracellular matrix proteins (fibronectin, n-cadherin)

179
Q

What promotes epithelialization

A

Fibronectin

N-cadherin

180
Q

Fibronectin

A

ECM organizing protein

181
Q

N-cadherin

A

Adhesion protein

182
Q

True or false, all somite will form the same thing

A

False, they are identical but form different things

183
Q

When does specification of somites occur

A

Before somatogenesis

184
Q

What is somite tissue specified by

A

Neural tube floor plate (Shh)
Neural tube roof plate (Wnt)
Epithelial ectoderm (BMP)
Lateral plate mesoderm (FGF)

185
Q

What do somite identify according to

A

Hox gene expression

186
Q

True or false, somites always retain their hox gene expression

A

True

187
Q

When are hox genes turned on

A

Before somite formation

188
Q

Major somite components

A

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome

189
Q

Scleratome derivatives

A

Vertabrae, ribs and ribcage

190
Q

Myotome derivatives

A

Musculature of the back, ribs, and limbs

191
Q

Dermatome dertivatives

A

Dermis of the back

192
Q

Minor components of the somite

A

Syndetome

Cells that generate vascular cells in the dorsal area

193
Q

Syndetome derivatives

A

Tendons

194
Q

What does the syndetome arise from

A

Dorsal most sclerotome cells

195
Q

Sclerotome derivatives

A

Cartilage of the vertabrae and part of the ribs

196
Q

Where does the sclerotome go during development

A

Towards the neural tube

197
Q

Dermamyotome

A

Remaining potion of the somite containing precursors for the dermatome and myotome

198
Q

Mesenchymal connective tissue of the skin

A

Dermis

199
Q

Types of myotome

A

Primaxial and abaxial

200
Q

Primaxial (epaxial) myotome

A

Intercostal muscles of the ribs, deep muscles of the back (core)

201
Q

Abaxial (hypaxial) myotome

A

Body wall, limbs, tongue

202
Q

Where is Shh high and why

A

Sclerotome

From the notochord and floor plate

203
Q

What do sclerotome secrete

A

Pax1 (transcription factor)

204
Q

What does Pax1 lead to

A

Cartilage and vertebrae formation

205
Q

What does dermatome secrete

A

Neurotropin 3 and Wnt1 from roof plate (shh antagonist)

206
Q

Where does myoD come from

A

Notochord

207
Q

What does myoD signal

A

Cells to become muscle cells

208
Q

Steps of muscle determination

A
  1. Myotome cells detemination (express myoD)
  2. Multiplication of dividing myoblasts
  3. Multiplication stops, cell alignment
  4. Initial myotube formation (fusion, differentiation)
  5. Myotube maturation, fusion of most remaining myoblasts
  6. Muscle fiber and stem cell maturation
209
Q

Factors during determination

A

Wnt, Shh, MyoD, Myf5

210
Q

Factors during multiplication

A

FGF

211
Q

When does muscle contraction begin

A

Maturation

212
Q

What is alignment mediated by

A

Membrane glycoproteins and cadherins

213
Q

Stem cells of muscle

A

Satellite and mesenchymal SC

214
Q

Why cant the myotube divide

A

Has multiple nuclei

215
Q

What is the skeleton generated from

A

Somites (vertabrae)
Lateral plate mesoderm (limb bones)
Neural crest cells (brachial arch, cranial facial bones)

216
Q

Ossification types

A

Intramembraneous

Endochrondrial

217
Q

Intramembraneous

A

Direct conversion, mesenchyme to bone

218
Q

Endochrondrial

A

Mesenchyme to cartilage to bone

219
Q

What undegoes intramembraneous

A

Dermal bones (face, patella, clavicle)

220
Q

What undergoes endochrondrial

A

Long bones

221
Q

What is a chrondrocyte

A

Cartilage cell

222
Q

What happens when chondrocytes proliferate

A

Form cartilage model, secrete cartilage specific ECM

223
Q

What happens after shift of the ECM

A

Increased mineralization

Secrete angiogenesis factor VEGF

224
Q

Bone/cartilage differentiation

A

Mesenchymal cells –> prechondrocyte –> Reserve chondrocyte –> proliferating chondrocyte –> prehypertrophic chondrocyte –> hypertrophic chondrocyte –> preosteoblast –> osteoblast

225
Q

What does the notochord induce the mesenchyme to attract in vertabrae formation
and how many somites involved in vertebrate formation

A

Sclerotome cells

2

226
Q

What do sclerotome cells become

A

Cartilage

227
Q

What do sclerotomes split into and where are they located

A

Rostral (posterior) and caudal (anterior) segments

228
Q

Purpose of resegmentation and what is it

A

Enables muscles to coordinate movement

-Nerve grows in middle of rosteral and caudal and reaches to muscle

229
Q

What is induced by myotome cells to form tendon

A

Syndetome

230
Q

What induces scleraxis

A

Fgf8

231
Q

Where is scleraxis induced

A

First row of sclerotome cells

232
Q

What blocks scleraxis transcription

A

Sclerotome cartilage precursors

233
Q

What expresses scleraxis

A

Progenitors of the tendons

234
Q

What part of the sclerotome forms the syndetome

A

Most dorsal part

235
Q

Why does a chick without the egg not develop bones

A

No calcium salt deposition

236
Q

Development of vertebrae kidney

A
  1. GDNF released from metanephrogenic mesenchyme and picked up by receptors on nephric duct
  2. Buds formed on nephric duct
  3. Bud connects to metanephrogenic mesenchyme
  4. Kidney formation
237
Q

What do metanephric tubules and ducts form

A
  • Efferent ducts
  • Epididymus
  • Vans deferens
238
Q

Reciprocal inductions of the ______ and ______ result in formation of the nephron

A

Ureteric bud, metanephrogenic mesenchyme

239
Q

Functional unit of mammalian kidney

A

Nephron

240
Q

How are wnts critical in kidney development

A

Important in aggregation of mesenchyme to form kidneys

241
Q

Coelomic cavities

A

Pocket that different organs will fit into

242
Q

Somatic lateral plate layer

A

Associates with ectoderm, contributes to connective tissue of body wall and limbs

243
Q

Visceral lateral plate layer

A

Associates with endoderm

244
Q

Types of coelomic cavities

A
  • Plural
  • Pericardial
  • Peritoneal
245
Q

Plural

A

Lungs

246
Q

Pericardial

A

Heart

247
Q

Peritoneal

A

Digestive organs

248
Q

What displaces pleuropericardial folds

A

Growing lungs

249
Q

______ forms as separate sac

A

Pericardium

250
Q

Heart forming cells

A

Cardiogenic mesoderm

251
Q

What induces the cardiogenic mesoderm

A

Endodermal signals (BMP)

252
Q

What inhibits cardiogenic mesoderm

A

Notochord (noggin and chordin)

253
Q

What is inhibited by the neural tube

A

Wnts

254
Q

What do wnts promote

A

Blood vessel formation (hemangiogenic mesoderm)

255
Q

Where do heart forming cells migrate to

A

The midline

256
Q

What specifies heart tissue

A

BMP and Wnt

257
Q

Anterior lateral plate mesoderm

A

Cardiogenic mesoderm (heart)

258
Q

Posterior lateral plate mesoderm

A

Hemangiogenic mesoderm (blood vessels, blood)

259
Q

What inhibits wnt

A

DKK

260
Q

What inhibits BMP

A

Noggin

261
Q

Determination of anterior and posterior of the heart

A

Retinoic acid

262
Q

Gene in charge of heart cell differention

A

GATA4

263
Q

What controls heart looping

A

Nodal

264
Q

What does heart tube looping convert

A

Anterior posterior to left right

265
Q

What does hand 1 control

A

Left ventricle

266
Q

What does hand 2 control

A

Right ventricle

267
Q

What does the septum grow towards

A

Center portion (endocardial cushion)

268
Q

What is the purpose of the foramen ovale

A

Allows for shunt, closes at birth

269
Q

Purpose of shunt

A

Send blood from right to left atrium to bypass the lungs

270
Q

Constraints of circulatory system

A

Physiological
Evolutionary
Physical

271
Q

Physiological constraints

A

Need to get nourishment in and waste out. Must be difference between vessels in embryo and adult

272
Q

Where do microglial cells form

A

In the vessels of the yolk sac. They migrate to the brain

273
Q

Evolutionary constraints

A

Still have evolutionary remnants of past ancestors (we still nourish yolk sac, we still have fraction of aortic arches). Shows we have evolved from lower structures

274
Q

Physical constraints

A

Balance between very large tubes and very small tubes. Large tubes allow for large amount of volume to pass thrugh quickly but no diffusion. Diffusion in small tubes but rate of travel is slow

275
Q

When does the heart primordia start beating

A

After first circulatory loop is established

276
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

First process of blood vessel formation, a capillary network of blood vessels is created from the lateral plate mesoderm

277
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Second process of blood vessel formation, primary capillary networks are remodeled and veins and arteries are made

278
Q

When does angiogenesis occur

A

Cancer and gestation

279
Q

What do hemangioblasts in the splanchnic mesoderm condense to form in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

A

Blood islands

280
Q

What surrounds the blood islands

A

Endothelial cells (mesenchyme inside)

281
Q

Where is VEGF gradient released from during blood vessel formation

A

Mesenchyme near blood islands

282
Q

What does VEGF induce

A

Endothelial cells to form from arteries

283
Q

What induces veins

A

Arteries

284
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

285
Q

What do we need to form blood vessels

A

VEGF

286
Q

What do blood vessels grow towards

A

VEGF

287
Q

Where is ephrin b4 found

A

Veins

288
Q

Where is ephrin b2 found

A

Arteries

289
Q

What causes fusion of artieries and veins

A

ephrin b2 and 4 interact

290
Q

Where does fusion of arteries and veins occur

A

Border

291
Q

Abnormal blood vessel development diseases

A

Preclampsia

Cancer

292
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Not enough VEGF, dysfunction of endothelial cells (no VEGF binding to receptor)

293
Q

How many RBC replaced daily

A

10^11

294
Q

What is capable of generating all blood and lymph cells

A

Pluripotential Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

295
Q

What do HSC generate

A

Series of intermediate stem cells with potencies restricted to cell lineages

296
Q

Where does embryonic hepatoisis take place

A

Blood islands

297
Q

Where are definitive hemopoitic cells derived from

A

Splanchnic lateral mesoderm surrounding the aorta

298
Q

Where do hemopoitic cells move to

A

Fetal liver and then bone marrow

Developmental Biology (5 decks)

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