Final Exam Flashcards
what is a demand characteristic/curve?
cues and clues given by experimenter that then alert participant to the hypothesis
when asked about diving in class the minority of people started off as internal or external?
is it easy to switch perspectives?
Internal
No
father of american sports psyh?
Coleman Griffith
describe some of the primary features of the american models of sports psych:
type of research?
what sort of training do coaches and sports psychs need?
types of practices utilized?
no professional standards for membership
created an advisory group composed of world-leading sports psychologists
USOC created a directory of qualified sports psychs –> gave it to all olympic coaches
min qualification to be on list = membership in APA or meets qualifications for membership
field wasn’t happy about this because 9/10 don’t have any training
coaches don’t need training
we don’t look at sport related anxiety regulation
describe some of the primary features of the scandinavian models of sports psych:
type of research?
what sort of training do coaches and sports psychs need?
types of practices utilized?
“sport for all”
exercise science – athletes and non-athletes (first one to look at non-athletes)
health (they were #1 in heart disease)
coaching training: 1. sports psych - research and theory 2. application - simple techniques 3. learn advanced techniques with qualified supervision (you need a license to be a coach)
looked a lot into anxiety - used standardized tests and other methods
psychological interventions are intensive
describe some of the primary features of the czech models of sports psych:
type of research?
what sort of training do coaches and sports psychs need?
types of practices utilized?
based on intelligence - the more info we get, the better we will be
they wanted to be able to compete but did not have a large population
looked at elite athletes
role-playing therapy
authority of sports psychs was VERY high
looked at 4 things that could be distracting to athletes:
- communications -(things that can be distracting)
- telephone
- newspapers
- military time
- metric english conversions - transportation -(shouldn’t have to worry about this, gave them pamphlets about the country they were going to)
- domestic-foreign
- jet lag
- culture shock - logistics
- food/water
- shelter - medical
- altitude (knew about this before we did)
- training (live at altitude, train below it)
what do sports psychologists do in soviet model?
- marxist-leninist ideology (communism):
- everyone is trained in communist system because every now and then athletes had problems because of it (no desire to win b/c taught that everyone is =) –> used cognitive restructure —- athletes taught to look at their success as the success of the country
2. psychograms (psych profiles): (the way they identified athletes by using the school system --> kids sent to special schools for athletes if they showed promise) -personality, emotions, stress responses, coachability, social factors -used with individual athletes -used to identify ideal characteristics 1. sports 2. positions within sports 3. competitors
- autogenic/self-training:
-hypnosis (anxiety control goes up and down)
(taught athletes techniques they can use themselves)
(juiced all athletes) - stress monitoring during training:
- biological (lactate and urea) – used protein to produce exercise (urea)
- mood - education of coaches:
-research findings
-brief papers
-targeted to appropriate gorup
-short lag time
(getting info very quickly and keeping research a secret)
major reasons why there is a controversy concerning the definition and use of the term sports psychologist
only about 10% of sports psychologists are actually psychologists
what are the major events that characterized the contemporary period? 3
creation of professional sport psychology organizations
the movement was both national and international (worldwide movement)
publish sport psychology research journals –>
what is the primary challenge of trying to study the influence of erogenic aids on sport performance?
determining maximal performance
our bodies are capable of better performance but something holds us back (physiological max vs max performance)
a lot of times everything actually leads to an increase in performance because they think it will
ecological validity
extent to which a study’s setting approximates the real-world situation being studied
external validity
the degree in which your findings can be applied to the population of interest based on who the study is done on
what is the “after-only” or cross-sectional design? what are the primary steps? (2)
single observation, collecting information only one time
step 1: randomly assign your subjects to the groups/conditions (control v. experiment)
step 2: evaluate the results (compare the means between the 2 groups using the appropriate statistics)
issues with “after-only?”
differences between the control and experimental groups could have been due to chance; or, they were different to begin with (randomization failed - outliers shift the results)
what is the “before-after” or longitudinal design? and what are the primary steps? (4)
two observations that are looking for change within the subjects (before and after observations)
step 1: randomly assign subjects to groups/conditions
step 2: conduct pre-test to ensure groups are similar
step 3: administer the treatment and retest groups
step 4: evaluate results (changes from pre- to post-)
issue with “before-after” ?
pre-test standardization
when volunteerism occurs why does it threaten external validity?
because they no longer are looking at the population as a whole – only who participates in the study – biased results
halo effect
contamination that occurs because the experimenter either knows or thinks that they know something about the participant and they treat them differently
rosenthal effect
contamination that occurs because the experimenter actually knows or thinks that they know something about the desired results
what is the pact of ignorance?
participant does not admit to having any knowledge about the hypothesis or altering their behavior; researchers believe them; subjects almost always act like they do not know because they are trying to help
possible solutions for the halo and rosenthal effects?
conduct a single blind study
hawthorne effect - 4
“any treatment v. no treatment” ; the Special Attention Effect;
precursor of the placebo effect
improvements in experimental treatments/conditions may be partly or entirely due to the special attention associated with these treatments;
type of reactivity in which individuals change their attitudes or behaviors in response to awareness
possible solution for hawthorne and placebo effects?
double blind study
placebo effect
substance or procedure that results in genuine psychological or physiological effects, but lacks the active ingredients or therapeutic basis to cause those effects
predictive validity
can be retrospective (prediction of past behavior) or prospective (future behavior)
ex - SAT (weak correlation) and GPA
construct validity most important and highest form of test validity - 3
abstractions of artificial variables
do NOT have physical properties and cannot be directly measured,
regarded as being useful for understanding or explaining behavior
convergent evidence:
the construct (test) must be substantially related or correlated with other measures of the same construct, or similar constructs
discriminant evidence - time consuming
the construct (test) must NOT be substantially related/correlated with measures of constructs that are logically/theoretically dissimilar
are athletes psychologically different from non-athletes?
yes; often small and do not occur for all psychological factors
gravitation hypothesis
athletes seem to be ‘born’ with psychological difference rather than developing psychological differences after participation in sport
what % of the U.S. are physically active?
45
% of exercisers training regularly and intensively enough to improve fitness?
22
avg. dropout rate to a exercise program and when is the dropout period?
50 in first 6-8 weeks
4 major hypotheses of how exercise influences mental health
Thermogenic Hypothesis
Monoamine Hypothesis
Endorphin Hypothesis
Distraction Hypothesis
____% of the U.S. population exercises 3 times a week for at least 20 min
____% of the U.S. population does not exercise at all
22% ; 24%
What type of individual tends to receive the MOST psych benefit from exercise?
people who have depression/anxiety or elevated scores
Thermogenic Hypothesis (4)
related to body temperature (you feel better because it raises your body temp and the raise in temp can last hours)
fever therapy
hard to study
lowers muscle tension and hormonal/brain activity so it relaxes body and mind
Endorphin Hypothesis (6)
type of hormone referred to as an endogenous opiate (morphine/heroin)
released in response to stress and results in analgesia
may enhance mood
cause of why ex makes your feel better
the easiest exercise intensity = most endorphins (no clear dose-relationship)
we measure it in the bloodstream (there are 2 sources - adrenal gland and brain) and there is a blood brain barrier –> doesn’t tell us what is happening in the brain
Distraction Hypothesis (5)
exercise is superior to control conditions in reducing anxiety (it works better than nothing)
exercise mediation, and doing nothing may each work b/c participants are distracted from the stressful activities
exercise may just be a time out therapy
type of exercise has nothing to do with how much better you feel
physio consequences of exercise do not contribute to mood improvements
What assumptions do most sport psychs make about the relationship between arousal and anxiety?
As anxiety increases, arousal increases
Major Features and aspects of mental imagery
Multisensory: Touch, taste, smell, vision, kinesthetic, visceral
Different ways that imagery is used by psychologist - 7
Systematic Desensitization, Relaxation, Skill Acquisition, Rehearsal, Cognitive Strategy, Disease Treatment, Performance Enhancement/Mental Practice Training
Systematic Desensitization
phobia treatment
Relaxation - 3
anxiety control,
public speaking or test anxiety,
thinking of something soothing
Skill acquisition
learning, correction of mistakes
Rehearsal
memorization
Cognitive Strategy - 2
negative thought stopping and confidence enhancement,
change image of failure to image of success
Disease Treatment
illness/injury recovery (not supported by research), you “see” your body healing itself
Performance enhancement/mental practice training
Image training, MOST COMMONLY USED
Major Dimensions of imagery as it is used in sport - 5
perspective, modality, vividness/clarity, control, outcome
Perspective - 3
internal vs external,
- internal =familiar,
- external = unfamiliar
Modality
single sense vs combination
vividness/clarity
very clear vs not so clear
control
independent of vividness, can only be measured indirectly
outcome
successful vs unsuccessful performances
Two factors that differentiate VBMR from other forms of mental imagery
Relaxation and total sensory experience
4 potential outcomes of VMBR (relaxation and total body experience)
Performance/technique enhancement,
error analysis/correction,
general preparation for competition,
confidence enhancement
Major explanations for why imagery may improve motor performance - 5
muscle memory, efferent outflow, neuromuscular theory, enhanced self efficacy, mind-body unity
Muscle Memory
doesn’t actually describe real biological process
Efferent outflow
low level EMG activity to working muscles, see it in spinal cord
Neuromuscular theory - 2
Reinforcement of motor programs,
imagine movement, – > brain activity lights up just the same as actually doing the activity, (ONLY ONE THAT MAKES SENSE BC OF EVIDENCE)
Enhanced self-efficacy
greater belief in success
Mind-body unity
brain cannot distinguish between actual and imagined training
