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SPH-K 405 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

In a one year time how many adults suffer from depression?

A

10%

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2
Q

what are the 2 most common emotional disorders

A

depression and anxiety

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3
Q

how many Americans suffer from chronic stress

A

3/4

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4
Q

how many doctors visits are stress related

A

2/3

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5
Q

What types of treatments are there for mental health disorders?

A

Medication, therapy, and exercise

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6
Q

who has the most psychological benefit from exercise?

A

those with diagnosed disorders and elevated disorders

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7
Q

acute exercise

A

examines the influence of single exercise bouts on transitory psychological sates: How you feel “Right Now”

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8
Q

chronic exercise

A

examines the influence of long-term participation in regular exercise on stable aspects of mental health like anxiety an depression bc one exercise won’t change that: How you feel in general

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9
Q

People who benefit the most

A

People who need it

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10
Q

patients with greater emotional disorder

A

are less fit and reached max HR faster

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11
Q

physical exercise is a risk factor for becoming ?

A

Depressed

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12
Q

4 hypotheses of how exercise influences mental health

A

Thermogenic, monoamine, endorphine, distraction

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13
Q

thermogenic hypothesis

A

o Exercise raises body temperature by several degrees
• Almost impossible to prevent body temp from rising
• Elevation in temp may last for several hours and can correlate with how long you feel good after working out

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14
Q

Thermogenic Hypothesis: Fever Therapy

A

make people sick to save them

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15
Q

Thermogenic Hypothesis Central Consequences

A

altered hormone levels and EEG

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16
Q

Thermogenic Hypothesis Peripheral Consequences

A

Reduced EMG (reduced muscle tension)

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17
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis

A

increase hormones that regulate mental health during exercise

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18
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis: Hormones

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

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19
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis logic

A
  • Trend: exercise stimulates products of hormones in antidepressants
  • Aka more exercise = more hormones, higher the intensity, more epinephrine
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20
Q

endorphin hypothesis

A

Endorphin is released in response to stress and results in analgesia which is the bodies own natural pain killer; may also enhance mood

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21
Q

is endorphin production related to exercise intensity

A
  • No dose-response relationship

* Hardest exercise should have had the most endorphins but the easiest exercise had the most

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22
Q

How is endorphin measured

A

• 2 sources- from the brain and body
• measuring endorphin in one blood supply source that’s independent of the brain (blood brain barrier)
would have to gather brain endorphin from cerebral spinal fluid
aka NO correlation b/w body and brain endorphins

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23
Q

results of endorphin studies

A 
the endorphine explanation remains tentative
Trained (bike hard, 11mg)- naloxone = anxious, saline = relaxed
High Trained (bike hard, 50mg)- basically same results

Problems
> research doesn’t clearly indicate that endorphin production is consistently related to exercise intensity
>Some research says exercise can improve mood changes even when endorphin effects are blocked

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24
Q

distraction hypothesis

A

exercise is superior to control conditions in reducing anxiety; exercise works better than nothing

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25
Q

what does the distraction hypothesis imply

A

the type of exercise has nothing to do with how much better you feel and suggests that the physiological consequences of exercise do not contribute to mood improvements

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26
Q

distraction hypothesis: influence of exercise and quiet rest on state anxiety and blood pressure study

A
  • Measured state anxiety, and blood pressure at the baseline and then continuously following exercise
  • Finding: the degree of anxiety reduction was similar b/w exercise and rest, but the duration of the reduction lasted longer with exercise
  • → suggests that exercise works by means beyond distraction alone
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27
Q

endorphin problems

A

o Research doesn’t clearly indicate that endorphin production is consistently relaxed to exercise intensity
o Some research indicates that exercise can improve mood changes even when endorphin effects are blocked
→ endorphin explanation remains tentative

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28
Q

Summary: acute exercise bout vs quiet rest on state anxiety

A

The anxiety reduction effects of exercise last a lot longer (2-4hrs) than heat treatment and meditation and remains lower even after unpleasant stressor (works by means beyond distraction alone) Problem distraction hypothesis is that there is obviously something special about exercise.

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29
Q

What are the psychological effects of acute exercise at different intensities (40,60,70%)

A

After 5 minutes 70% increases then decreases to match 60% at hr mark where 40% is significantly lower. However, after 2 hrs they are all near each other in reduced anxiety.
> at 40% endorphin’s aren’t responsible b/c too low, something else

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30
Q

Acute Aerobic vs Anaerobic Psychological responses

A

Increasing anaerobic intensity doesn’t work very well
>Aerobic exercise statistically significantly better
> however, make longer and decreasing intensity helped results

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31
Q

Chronic Exercise vs. non depressed subjects

A

did not work, no statistically significant difference

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32
Q

Chronic Exercise vs. Depression sub groups

A

Increase depression = increase depression reduction

>significant in depressed exercising subjects

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33
Q

Comparative benefits of chronic exercise and psychotherapy on moderately depressed outpatients

A

Runners and TL psychotherapy are equally effective
>TU psychotherapy not very effective
>TL and Runners significant compared to TU
Is the trainer an informal therapist?
>take out trainer, same results
First form treatment still meds

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34
Q

Effects of chronic exercise training on old adults w/ depression vs. standard anti-depressant medicine

A

Exercise doesn’t work better, it works for longer periods of time

  1. No difference in reduction of depression, alone or combined
  2. similar drop out rates
  3. medication w/ most depressed = rapid improvement, combined w/ least depressed = most improvement. Exercise = moderately depressed
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35
Q

Results of contrasting chronic exercise and pharmacotherapy depression treatment in depressed adults (16wks)

A

Exercise worked just as well as meds w/ moderately depressed and lasts longer.

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36
Q

Meta analysis of physical activity effects on depression

A

Exercise training reduced symptoms of depression

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37
Q

depressive disorders

A

major depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder

38
Q

major depression

A

episode of depression for 2 weeks or longer

39
Q

dysthymia

A

2 years or longer with depressed mood being more common than not

40
Q

bipolar disorder

A

1 or more manic episodes accompanied w/ major depression

41
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

excessive anxiety, and worry for 6 months or more

42
Q

panic disorder

A

2 or more unexpected anxiety attacks

43
Q

phobia

A

clinical anxiety provoked by exposure to a feared object or stimulation

44
Q

current opinion on exercise and panic

A

exercise can make things worse, especially for panic patients

45
Q

Pitts and McClure Study

A

Examined effects of lactate infusion in healthy and clinically anxious people
• Findings: 93% of anxious subjects experienced anxiety attacks following lactate infusion
• Conclusion: anxiety patients shouldn’t exercise bc your body will produce more lactate and provoke a panic attack
• Critique: lactate infusions raise blood pH (alkaline) while exercise lowers blood pH (acidic)

46
Q

Study: aerobic and non-aerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of anxiety disorders

A

• Subjects: men and women patients hospitalized for anxiety disorders including GAD and panic
• Hypothesis: physical health brings mental health
• Conditions: 8wk sessions of walk/jog (70% max) or low intensity exercise (strength/flexibility)
• Results:
significant reductions in anxiety symptoms and phobic avoidance
no reported or observed cases of panic
Exercise conditions equally effect
→ Didn’t support hypothesis bc a small exercise dose worked as well as bigger exercise dose

47
Q

exercise works for all aspects of cognition

A

speed, spatial, controlled, executive

48
Q

exercise has the greatest effect on what cognitive function

A

executive functioning; such as problem solving

49
Q

exercise lowers risk of developing

A

Alzheimers as you age

50
Q

acute aerobic exercise is associated with

A

significant reductions in anxiety and improved mood

51
Q

chronic exercise programs have been found to

A

provide significant benefits for persons suffering from clinical depression and anxiety disorders

52
Q

there is increasing evidence that aerobic exercise

A

looks can be deceiving, psychological questionnaires

53
Q

looks can be deceiving

A

o The overweight, older lady in the middle is the exercise addict amongst the Kenyan marathoner and other guy

54
Q

psychological questionnaires

A

o Have no content validity
o Scale could make it seems like everyone is an exercise addict
o People could also fake their way and appear to be healthy when their not

55
Q

Why is the idea that some individuals could become “addicted” to physical exercise seen as controversial?

A

• Exercise was considered to be a positive addiction but here it’s considered a negative addiction
o Has both physical and psychological benefits
• Addiction used to be viewed only for drugs and not being addicted to a behavior
o “physiological dependence on a drug”
o “compulsive need for habit forming drugs”

56
Q

major categories of symptoms of exercise addiction

A

excessive need for exercise, exercise while injured, withdrawal symptoms

57
Q

withdrawal from exercise symptoms

A

o Mood disturbances - anxiety, depression, irritability
o Sleep disturbances - more/less sleep, poor sleep quality
o Appetite changes - disordered eating
o Physical symptoms - soreness, cramps, upset stomach

58
Q

poorly defined exercise goals

A
  • Usually greater volume/time
  • Little emphasis on quality
  • Competes to do more races, not improve
59
Q

factors/mechanisms that have been proposed to cause exercise addiction

A

you become addicted to exercise because you are addicted to the endorphins, psychological cases,

60
Q

Effects of 3 days of exercise deprivation on habitual exercisers

A

o Small research bc exercise addicts didn’t want to participate and have to take off days of exercise so the study is mainly for dedicated exercisers
• Addicts would feel much worse

61
Q

2 days without exercise for habitual exercisers

A

causes big mood disturbances then it goes down slowly; doesn’t take long for withdrawal symptoms

62
Q

stress

A

a stimuli or situation that is perceived as threatening which leads to anxiety and other unpleasant emotions

63
Q

Stressor

A

an aspect of stress that can be measured and quantified

64
Q

Anxiety

A

an emotional reaction consisting of unpleasant:
o Thoughts and worries
o Feelings
o Physical changes

65
Q

arousal

A

a diffuse, global state of physiological activation that can range from deep sleep to extreme excitement. Common measures are:
o HR, BP, respiration rate, EMG (muscle tension), stress hormones, galvanic skin response, EEG

66
Q

what assumptions do most sport psychologists make about the relationship between arousal and anxiety?

A

• Assume that as anxiety increases, so does arousal and all of the physiological responses such as HR, BP, VE
o Says that physiological activation occurs to all parts at the same rate
o Implies that HR can tell you how you’re feeling

67
Q

CONTINUED: what assumptions do most sport psychologists make about the relationship between arousal and anxiety?

A

• The reality: AROUSAL DOES NOT EQUAL ANXIETY
o Physiological responses are not intercorrelated
• Physiological functions can go in different directions and different emotions can give the same physiological response

68
Q

alternative to measuring pysiological arousal

A

o Assessing anxiety with questionnaires
• Problem is some people don’t like to take them or it could direct a person’s attention to their anxiety which could heighten it

69
Q

simplistic model of stress

A

o Stress and anxiety are interchangeable
• Stress=anxiety
The problem is they don’t mean the same thing

70
Q

behavioral (S-R) model of stress

A

o Stress is the stimulus and leads to an anxiety response
• Says they’re not interchangeable
• Stress→anxiety
o Criticism is the black box model

71
Q

Cognitive (S-O-R) model of stress

A

o Stress(or) → perception/cognition→ anxiety
o Integrating mental processes into model
o Criticism is that the model is unidemensional; aka any stress results in anxiety
• The emotional outcome is always the same not matter what the stressor
• Problem is that people take stressors differently
Some people like their parents watching them play while others don’t

72
Q

Multidimensional Cognifitc (S-O-R) model of stress

A 
o Stress(or) → perception/cognition → EITHER eustress (elation, good) OR distress (anxiety, bad)
o Same 1st and 2nd step but ads a positive outcome as a possibility to the same stressor
o Explains differences b/w people with the same stressor or the changes a person has (initially hated beer then liked it)
73
Q

What are the major features of the multidimensional model of anxiety discussed in class? What factors can this model account for that cannot be addressed in simpler models?

A

• Accounts for positive outcome as a possibility instead of always anxiety to a particular stressor

74
Q

Drive/Hullian theory

A

o Positive, linear relationship b/w anxiety and performance
o Suggests that if you want athletes to perform better, you raise their anxiety (such as a coach yelling as a player)
o No evidence that this works

75
Q

Relaxation/Quiecence Theory

A

o Negative, linear relationship b/w anxiety and performance
o Suggests that the greater the absence of anxiety, the greater the performance (calming a player down, meditation)
o Group or team-based interventions & a borrowed theory based on non athletes
o No evidence

76
Q

threshold theory

A

o Anxiety is beneficial up to a certain point and then drops markedly as you go to far
o Implies that if go past anxiety threshold, it’s a disaster and you can’t built it back up and have to start all over
o No evidence

77
Q

Inverted-U Hypothesis

A

o Most influential and popular theory in sport psychology!
o Yerkes-Dodson Law (1908)
o Optimal range of anxiety for optimal performance
• If anxiety is in the middle zone (40-60), everything will be near optimal; don’t want too high or too low level of anxiety

78
Q

study disproving inverted-u hypothesis theory

A

o World record weight lifter was napping in the warm up room right before the lift (explosive sport w/ low anxiety)

79
Q

modifications that have been made to the inverted-u hypothesis that account for athletic skill and sport type

A

different sports have different optimal ranges, modifying with training ( with experience you can handle higher levels of anxiety)

80
Q

weaknesses with inverted-u hypothesis

A

o Non-athlete samples (external validity)
o Want target pop. (athletes)
o Novel tasks vs. realistic sport types
o Lab research vs. field research (ecological validity)
o Learning vs. performance
o Initial training period has low performance no matter what
o Hypothesis has no received support form a single study

81
Q

IZOF: Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning

A

developed by Russian Sport psychologist Yuri Hanin – collected data from thousands of athletes from different sports, skill levels, ages, and competition

82
Q

Primary findings from IZOF model

A

• Each individual athlete possesses an optimal anxiety range associated w/ optimal performance
• This range may lie anywhere on the anxiety continuum from extremely low to extremely high
• Optimal anxiety range is not predictably influenced by factors such as motor task requirements or skills
Can’t clump athletes together by sport or ability

83
Q

IZOF Model Prediction

A

• for any given sport event, there will be some athletes who perform best at low or high levels of anxiety
Doesn’t treat everyone the same in a certain sport

84
Q

Inverted-U Prediction

A

• For any given sport event, there is an optimal moderate level of anxiety. Lower or high levels will hard performance
Treat everyone the same in group

85
Q

two methods for establishing optimal anxiety

A

direct method and indirect method

86
Q

direct method

A

o Having athletes fill out standardized anxiety questionnaires prior to competition
• This is done until the athlete achieves a personal best performance and the anxiety score for this competition is defined as optimal

87
Q

disadvantages to direct method

A

Time consuming
• Best performances are rare
• Best performances may not be easy to identify in some sports (football isn’t like running where you can just compare times)

88
Q

indirect method

A

o Developed as a time-saving alternative to the direct approach
o Athletes complete an anxiety questionnaire according to how they recall feeling just before their very best performance
• Based on athlete remembering how they felt

89
Q

doc on the use of pep talks

A

says 3/4 athletes do well with high anxiety

90
Q

pre-competition anxiety in 3 elite runners

A

o Should have same profile based on inverted-U bc it’s the same event and all have the same PR (same ability)
o But each had different patterns, different anxiety levels at their top performance→ fits with IZOF

91
Q

Hanin found with the indirect method

A

that there are high correlations b/w these “recalled scores” and the actual level of anxiety experienced in past performance
• Athletes have good recollection (r=.60)
• The more important the competition, the better they recall

92
Q

Quiz Location

A

https://quizlet.com/104668533/k405-exam-3-flash-cards/

Alternate One To Study:
https://quizlet.com/200509276/sph-k405-exam-3-flash-cards/

SPH-K 405 (4 decks)

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