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SPH-K 405 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major forms of evidence?

A

Philosophical
Pedagogical
Theoretical
Empirical

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2
Q

Example for Philosophical?

A

“Play to Win” “Sport for all” (Can get in coaches head)

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3
Q

Example of Pedagogical?

A

Accepted or traditional practices (Running through tires in football)

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4
Q

Example of Theoretical?

A

“More is Better” and “Overload Principle”.

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5
Q

Example of Empirical?

A

Observed through research. Followed rules step by step.

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6
Q

Issues to consider when administering psychological/physiological intervention in athlete

A

scientific (evidence around issue), legal (against law?), Moral (society’s view?)

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7
Q

Father of American sport psych

A

Coleman Robert Griffith

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8
Q

Father of american sport psych- where/win did he work

A

Univ. of Illinois - first sport psych lab in 1925

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9
Q

Coleman Robert Griffith- type of research?

A
  • psych 50%- physio 25% rat colony 25% (realized he had to do some of his research through rats instead of humans. used comparative psych ->do things on animals can’t do on humans)
  • psych of athletic performance and coaching

Conducted laboratory and field research on both basic issues (sake of knowledge) and applied issues (practical information)

One mistake!!!! Had no students

Laboratory= 2000 square feet. Half of the space was devoted to human studies, and the other half was a rat colony.

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10
Q

Theory Griffith came up with

A

Automatic skill response: high performance = low cognition
Illinois player Red Grange (“The Grey Ghost”) = psychology of outstanding athletic performance, didn’t remember the game
Lots of mental activity going into learning a skill, so at top performance, virtually no thinking at all.

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11
Q

What happened when Griffith reached out to coach Knute Rockne?

A

He told him that he couldn’t get the team all excited for one game and expect that to carry over to the next game. the team would be flat.
What makes good coaches: contacted (master of the pep talk) who discussed response/counter-response

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12
Q

Griffith’s lifespan accomplishments

A

1918: Begins study on psychological factors in football and baseball
1923: Offers psychology and athletics course
1925: Opens first sport psychology laboratory in the US (4th in the world)
1932: Sport psychology lab closes
1938-40: Consultant to the Chicago Cubs/first paid psychology consultant (viewed with suspicion)

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13
Q

Griffith summary

A
  • First sports psychology lab
  • first sport psych course
  • first textbook
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14
Q

Primary Emphasis of American Sport Psych

A

Provide performance enhancements services to athletes (little theory involved- all performance based)

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15
Q

Name 3 Types of Evidence Used in US sport psych

A

Borrowed Theory, Personal Experience, Expert Testimony

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16
Q

Borrowed Theory of US psych (and Problems)

A

Borrowing idea of another- almost always out of date/based on wrong group

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17
Q

Personal Experience of US psych (and problems)`

A

-personal experience/stories
problem is Barnum Effect-(often manipulated opinion)
-50% true= amazingly accurate

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18
Q

Czechoslovakian Model (Euro)- primary focus

A

Based on Intelligence

-wanted to enhance morale (thought that would increase performance)

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19
Q

4 Parts of Czech Model

A
  1. communication (telephones, newspapers, military time- not homesick!)
  2. Transportation
  3. Logistics (Food water shelter- comfort was key!)
    - 4.Medical (altitude, training)

used role playing therapy

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20
Q

Scandinavian Model Overall Primary Focus

A

Sport For all! (opposite of Russia and Czech)

-Both sport performance and Health were key

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21
Q

Scandinavian Model Components

A

1.Exercise Science (both athletes and non), 2. Health (very unhealthy in Finland at time- wanted change), 3.Coaching (sport psych- coaches had to know sport psych-, apply techniques and learn advanced)

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22
Q

Scandinavian Model Components for coaching

A
  1. sport psychology: research and theory
  2. application: simple techniques
  3. learn advanced techniques with qualified supervison
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23
Q

Scandinavian model summary

A
  1. emphasis on both sport performance and health
  2. coaches are trained and licensed
  3. psychologist interventions are intensive
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24
Q

Soviet Model primary Focus

A

Win at all Cost -Gold Medals- produce Elite!

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25
Q

Soviet Model (How Extensive was it?)

A
  • 3 sport psych institutes- never duplicated
  • 23 physical culture institutes- only China has duplicated this
  • 90 Phys. Ed. departments
  • 250-1000 sport psychologists- 1 per team (US one total)
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26
Q

Soviet Model- Training of Sport Psychologists

A
  • good relationship w/ coach and staff required
  • sport psych training required
  • sport psychologist had authority
  • Practical experience in the sport is preferred
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27
Q

Soviet Sport psych techniques w/ coaches teams?

A
  • Marxist-Leninist Ideology- had to undo teaching that everyone was identical- Instill a killer instinct!
  • psychograms- psych profiled to determine their best position/potential (Medved- sport psychs. determined he’d be best at wrestling)
  • taught self-training-athletes knew what they needed
  • stress monitoring- anxiety control, measured mood and possible burnout
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28
Q

Soviet union summary

A
  • standardized psych training was required for all sports psychologist
  • sport psychologist were all integrated into the athletic system and had experience in sport
  • coaches were also trained in psychology
  • sport science research was efficiently distributed to coaches and athletes (didn’t take years like it did in US)
  • the entire sport system was devoted to producing elite athletes)
29
Q

Why Controversy over Sport Psych Definition?

A

different requirements and avenues for training- no way to determine “more qualified”
-during time only 10% of “sport psychologist” were actually psychologists- fewer licensed

30
Q

How old is Sport Psych Field? important studies!

A

-sports started in Ancient Greece, but sport psych didn’t start til 1895 (Fitz from Harvard)–> Reaction time!!
-1898- Triplett (IU) first paper on sport psych
one of the most important studies in psych. 25% avg improvement in performance when people watch you training against others! unleashed the idea that social factors play a role in performance/training. (avg was not the same for everyone! some people’s performance decreased or were unchanged! results always vary!)

31
Q

What year did sport psych die? (temporarily)

A

1932- next 30 years non-existent

32
Q

When did Contemporary Age of Sport psych begin

A

1960’s- creation of APA and NASPSPA

33
Q

Contemporary Age 3 accomplishments

A
  1. Creation of profession sport psych organizations
  2. The movement was international and national
  3. The organizations began to publish sport psych research journals (only 2% of published studies actually study elite athletes)
34
Q

Name Major events of Contemporary Period (2 major events)

A
  • 60’s: APA and NASPSPA created
    (APA- psych training-no sport,
    NASPSPA sport and exercise science training- little psych)

-orgzs. published sport psych research journals
-USOC- sent 60 ppl to find the 10% qualified
-set standard for minimum qualification
(forced degree, forced some out of jobs)

35
Q

Problem of contemporary era

A

No professional standards for membership into most groups (only APA has standards)

36
Q

What did the US try to do to deal with competency problems within sports psych?

A

created a directory of qualified sports psychologists
1. clinical
2. research
3. educational
minimum qualifications: membership in APA or meets qualifications for membership

The field was very upset with this because 9/10 weren’t psychologists so couldn’t get on registry. but coaches are under no obligation to choose someone from the registry. some teams have their own lists.

37
Q

Present: Major Research Focus of US Sport Psych

A

Ergogenic Aids

  • Substances- PK’s, stimulants, hormones, vitamins
  • Phenomena- mental practice, relaxation, hypnosis, goal setting
38
Q

What is an Ergogenic Aid?

A

something that creates energy (not PED), either substance or phenomena

39
Q

Ergogenic Aid (Substance/Phenomena)- issues of study and application

A
  • issues of study: acute vs. chronic, type of sport task, and dosage
  • issues of application: might work for one person, but not everyone
40
Q

Steroids: scientific, legal, ethical, and moral?

A

scientific: next to no research on this, IRB wouldn’t ever approve a study on it
legal: complicated because the list of banned substances changes everyday
ethics: regards behavior, right/wrong regardless of other things like even if it’s legal.
Moral?

41
Q

EPO

A

stimulates RBC’s, athletes want this to have more oxygen in the blood, good for endurance athletes.
side effects: sudden death from heart attack/failure
athletes already have more RBC’s, so when add more blood viscosity increases= bad!
The drug is still being used, but in smarter ways, scary.

42
Q

Studying Challenge of Ergo. Aids on sport performance

A

maximum performance= lower than physiological max. -always more than 2+% difference
-inhibitors prevent determining influence of ergo aids

43
Q

Hypnosis

A

Research proves that it decreases performance. Side effects: can change how time passes in your brain or unlock old memories.

44
Q

threshold effect

A

increase in performance to a certain point and the performance drops so much that you’re done. NaCO3 does this by overwhelming buffering capacity.

45
Q

examples of ergogenic aids that disinhibit inhibitory mechanisms

A

when asked to lift weight:

gunshot, shout, drug, alcohol, hypnosis

46
Q

Name the major steps of Scientific Ideal

A
  1. Identify Problem/Question
  2. Come up w/ potential answer
  3. Test hypothesis
  4. Conduct new test w/ modified hypothesis
47
Q

Hypothesis

A

educated guess about some part of reality

48
Q

Model

A

simple description/explanation of some aspect of reality

49
Q

Theory

A

More complex, complete, and sophisticated description/explanation of reality

50
Q

How is research study diff. from what a coach does?

A

For Coming up w/ potential answer:
-Coach- hunch about what works (personal experience)… -Scientist-often influenced by models and theories
For Testing Hypothesis: -Coach- new training systems & evaluates results… -Scientist- research study and evaluate statistical results

51
Q

Name 3 levels of Science (sophistication)

A

Description, Prediction, Causality

52
Q

Description (sophistication)

A

what happens to performance when we train athletes - EX: 78% of students don’t want 8 AM’s

53
Q

Prediction (sophistication)

A

If we…. then…

  • How much does performance change when we train athletes for 6 months? who benefits and most? what about sea level vs. altitude training?
  • time, groups, settings
54
Q

Causality (sophistication)

A

Improves because of …– must rule out ALL other factors

  • why does performance improve w/ training? what is the explanation?
  • involves lots of research- needs one primary result
55
Q

Name the 5 Research Techniques

A
  1. laboratory experiment 2. laboratory simulation 3. field study 4. field experiment 5. survey
56
Q

Describe laboratory experiment

A

sterile env., everything controlled.

-zero to low ecological validity

57
Q

Describe laboratory simulation

A

make lab as similar to real life as possible

- some ecological validity

58
Q

Describe Field Study

A

similar to experiment- observation of the field

  • high ecological validity
  • lose control as you move to real world
59
Q

Describe Field Experiment

A

similar to field study except it’s the actual experiment- begin losing control in study

  • Ex: food/drinks on a plane and other distractions
  • high ecological validity
60
Q

Describe Survey

A

statistics and recap (reality vs. control)

-ecological validity does not apply

61
Q

Ecological Validity

A

extent to which study’s setting approximates real-world situation being studied

62
Q

Importance of ecological validity in sport psych

A

decide between reality vs. control- which will be better for research?

63
Q

External Validity

A

Degree to which findings can be applied to population of target population- based on who study is done with

64
Q

Importance of external validity in sport psych

A

important when we want results to apply to population w/ unusual or specific characteristics such as elite athletes

65
Q

Volunteerism

A

tendency for ppl w/ certain characteristics to volunteer/participate in studies

66
Q

Importance of volunteerism in exercise science research

A

Must determine if people in sample represent target population

67
Q

Why does volunteerism threaten external validity?

A

if sample doesn’t match target population- results won’t be desired.
Ex: NASA Bedridden sleep study- lazy people would most likely volunteer, but astronauts not lazy— bad representation

68
Q

What was the Banum effect?

A

He made 70 fake results from quizzes and gave them back to the people. 50% said it was amazingly accurate. 40% said rather good, and 10% said so so. He gave generic sayings that covers all.

69
Q

The problem with Expert Testiomy?

A

They may be an “expert”, but they not actually know what the athlete is thinking. The question asked that they got wrong was that do athletes worry about choking?

SPH-K 405 (4 decks)

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