Final Exam Flashcards
Which electron transitions emit/absorb energy?
increase n(move away from nucleus) requires absorbing energy. decreasing n(moving towards nucleus) requires emitting energy
Planetary electron
electron the moves about the atomic nucleus(a normal electron)
inert gas
A gas with 8 valence electrons
Isomer
multiple compounds with the same formula, but different arrangements of atoms in the molecule and different properties
From what can the existence of quantized energy levels in an atom be inferred?
Atomic line spectra because they are quantized and they represent the emission and absorption spectra/levels of atoms
Electropositive atom
A positively charged atom, more like to form polarized bonds
p orbital shape
dumbell shaped
Resonance structures
When multiple lewis structures of a molecule can be drawn. The actual structure is an intermediate of the resonant lewis structures, showing a limitation of lewis structures
When do ionic bonds form
when atoms exchange electrons, combination of cations and anions
What do high/low electron affinities indicate
High: Readily accept electrons to form negative ions
Low: Not ready to accept electrons and not form negative ions
What do high/low ionization energies indicate
High: Element will not readily lose electrons to form positive ions
Low: Element will readily lose electrons and form positive ions
What makes a bond hybridized?
If a central atom has to bond to one or more outer atom, especially if it is a different atom
Coordinate covalent bond
a covalent bond where both electrons come from the same atom. both nuclei are attracted to the electrons, holding the atoms in a bond
Dipole moment
Quantity that describes 2 opposite charges separated by a distance(polarity)
Factors that affect dipole moment magnitude
Dipole moment magnitude is directly related to distance, electronegativity difference and number of lone pairs
Network covalent solids
SiO2, Cdiamond and Cgraphite. These compounds form networks of bonds and there are no single molecules. SiO2 and Cdiamond form 109.5 degree bond angles and Cgraphite forms 120 degree bond angles
Avogadro’s principle
Equal volumes of any gas under constant temp. and pressure have the same number of particles
Relationship between velocity and molar mass of particles
average velocity is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass
Calorimeter constant
heat capacity of the calorimeter
Heat evolved and heat gained in a calorimeter reaction
Heat evolved: mass•🔼Hcombustion
Heat gained: calorimeter constant•temp change
How do you tell how many oxidation states an element has?
look at how many unpaired electrons are in it’s valence orbital
hard water
water with Ca2+ and Mg2+
Which metal reacts with concentrated NaOH to produce H gas?
Aluminum
Predominant nitrogen pollutant
NO2
What is true when transition metals form compounds(in terms of color) and their melting/boiling points
The have high melting/boiling points and form colored compounds
If your driving the water out of a salt by heating it and getting the salt mass, what will the effect of not getting rid of all the water be?
There will be artificial mass, because the water left in the salt will make the mass heavier. The salt will have larger proportion than it should when compared to water in the compound
When heating a salt to drive off water and record it’s mass, why should this be done in an open space?
If it is in a closed container, the water vapor will be trapped and can rehydrate the salt, giving it “artifical mass”. When the salt is weighed it will display a heavier mass than the actual salt mass, giving the salt a mitakenly larger proportion when compared to the water
Litmus paper
Blue litmus paper turns read in acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue in basic conditions
Why can only 2 electrons fit in one orbital?
there can only be one electron in each orbital with a spin of + or - 1/2
Characteristics of hybridization bonds
they are equivalent
