FINAL EXAM Flashcards
The genetic material in viruses is composed of: A. DNA B. RNA C. either DNA or RNA D. neither DNA nor RNA E. mitochondria
C
How much of the human genome is thought to be due to insertion by viral DNA? A. 0% B. 0.1-1% C. 5-8% D. 33-35% E. 95-99%
C
What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have that Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum lack? A. large amounts of catalase B. large amounts of water C. membranes composed of lipids D. DNA E. vesicles
D
Pancreatic cells, which secrete a large amount of digestive enzymes, are labeled with radioactive leucine and then chased for several hours with nonradioactive leucine. Photographic emulsions are prepared at different times during the chase. Where would the black spots appear on an emulsion prepared 3 hours after the pulse? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum B. golgi apparatus C. secretory vesicles D. exterior of the cell E. the nucleus
D
What scientific hypotheses can be tested by a pulse-chase experiment?
A. Solubility of a molecule
B. The amino acid sequence of a protein
C. Movement of molecules through a cell over time
D. The steady-state level of protein in the cell
E. The central dogma of Biology
C
What is the first step in a pulse-chase experiment?
A. Examining cells for the location of the labeled molecules
B. Preparing cells for electron microscopy
C. Incubating cells with an unlabeled molecule
D. Incubating cells with a labeled molecule
E. Breaking the cells open and then spinning them at low speeds
D
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to A. see vesicles fusing to the plasma membrane of cells B. see autophagy in action C. see individual molecules of DNA D. see proteins E. see organelles
E
Plasmids contain A. lipids B. enzymes that degrade toxic substances C. many ribosomes D. DNA E. microtubules
D
The biological term “flagella” comes from a Greek word meaning A. sweet B. bitter C. whip D. color E. thread
C
Thomas Sudhof, James Rothman and Randy Scheckman were awarded the Nobel Prize in 2013 for their pioneering studies describing
A. How mitochondria and chloroplasts were related
B. how proteins are formed by ribosomes
C. the mechanisms regulating exocytosis
D. the mechanisms involved in extrusion of RNA from the nucleus
E. how enzymes can be inhibited
C
Evidence suggesting that mitochondria were once free-living cells that were engulfed by an ancient eukaryotic cell includes
A. the presence of DNA within the mitochondria
B. the presence of double membranes of mitochondria
C. their ability to make the energy rich compound ATP
D. A & B
E. A, B & C
D
Peroxisomes possess a lot of A. mitochondria B. DNA C. RNA D. sugars E. proteins that degrade H2O2
E
Centrifugation has been used to
A. separate organelles from cells
B. identify the location of proteins using autoradiography
C. identify the location of proteins using fluorescence microscopy
D. define the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
E. study the process of autophagy
A
Microtubules are made of molecules called A. kinesins B. actin C. flagella D. tubulin E. keratin
D
The \_\_\_\_\_ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell. A. cell wall B. pili C. nucleoid region D. plasma membrane E. nuclear pore
D
The preparation of liver mitochondrial enzymes begins by placing liver and a buffered solution in a blender. What is the purpose of the blender?
A. to remove the plasma membranes from the intracellular structures, such as the mitochondria
B. to separate the nuclei from the mitochondria
C. to separate the mitochondria from the other organelles
D. to prepare a cell homogenate; to break open the liver cells and to release the organelles
E. to separate the RNA from the DNA
D
What central theme of biology helps explain why various cells can look so different from one another?
A. All cells need to engage in energy transformations.
B. Information flow in a cell goes from DNA to RNA to protein
C. cell structure is tightly connected with cell function
D. Different cells contain different macromolecules as their genetic material.
E. The split between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells defines this characteristic
C
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell? A. actin filaments B. intermediate filaments C. microtubules D. kinesin E. flagella
C
Which type of experiment was critical to showing that kinesin functioned as a transport protein? A. centrifugation B. fluorescent microscopy C. pulse-chase D. acid-induced degradation of proteins E. electron microscopy
B
In experiments to test whether a protein can enter the nucleus, why would proteins be labeled with fluorescent molecules?
A. To target the proteins to the nucleus
B. To make the proteins bigger
C. To give the protein molecules energy
D. To make the proteins easy to see
E. To slow the proteins down
D
Nucleoplasmin is a nuclear protein. This protein was divided into two segments and linked to the same large cytoplasmic protein, generating two fusion proteins. After injecting these fusion proteins into a cell, one of the proteins was found in the nucleus and the other in the cytoplasm. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results?
A. Nucleoplasmin does not have a nuclear localization signal.
B. One of the fusion proteins entered the nucleus by passive transport
C. The cytoplasmic protein contains a nuclear localization signal.
D. Only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal.
E. Nucleoplasmin regulates its own destruction in a cell
D
Liver cells possess many proteins that are required for many functions, including blood clotting factors and proteins that act to degrade a number of substances such as alcohol, insulin and other hormones. Based on this information, one might expect that
A. these cells would have more chromatin than most other cells
B. these cells would have more DNA than most other cells
C. liver cells would have high levels of rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. liver cells would have lots of processing occurring in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E. liver cells would have low levels of lysosomes
C
The word “chromosome” was selected by early cell biologists because
A. they looked like threads
B. they looked colorful with the dyes used at the time
C. they were located in the nucleus
D. they were composed of proteins and DNA
E. they were not present in prokaryotic cells
B
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure? A. hydrophobic B. hydrogen bonds C. disulfide bonds D. peptide ponds E. ionic bonds
D
One side chain of one amino acid in a protein has CH2-CH2-CH3. The side chain of a different amino acid in the same protein has CH3. What type of bonding could occur between these two side chains? A. ionic B. hydrogen bond C. peptide bond D. hydrophobic E. alcoholic
D
α-helices form in a protein due to what kind of bond? A. ionic B. hydrogen bond C. peptide bond D. hydrophobic E. alcoholic
B
Small changes in levels of acid could likely disrupt what kind of bond? A. glycosidic B. hydrogen bond C. peptide bond D. hydrophobic E. alcoholic
B
Two molecules of glucose are joined together. What kind of bond holds them together? A. glycosidic B. hydrogen bond C. peptide bond D. hydrophobic E. alcoholic
A
What type of bond typically connects sugars to proteins as they travel through the Golgi apparatus? A. Peptide bond B. glycosidic bond C. covalent bond D. alcoholic bond E. disulfide bond
C
Which of the following statements about the formation of polypeptides from amino acids is true?
A. Polypeptides form by condensation or hydrolysis reactions.
B. The reaction occurs through the addition of a water molecule to the amino acids
C. A bond can form between any carbon and nitrogen atom in the two amino acids being joined.
D. A bond forms between the carboxyl functional group of one amino acid and the amino functional group of the other amino acid.
E. None of the above
D
Enzymes work by _____.
A. adding a phosphate group to a reactant
B. decreasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product
C. reducing EA
D. adding energy to a reaction
E. increasing the potential energy difference between reactant and product
C
The R group on serine is -CH2OH. Classify serine based on its R group. A. acidic B. basic C. neutral nonpolar D. neutral polar E. an alcoholic amino acid
D
. A protein has an arginine in position 157 of its 430 amino acids. Replacing that amino acid with alanine, which has -CH3 as its side group, would be expected to
A. prevent the synthesis of the protein
B. significantly affect the overall three dimensional structure of the protein.
C. have little effect on the function of the protein
D. eliminate the formation of α-helices in the secondary structure of the protein
E. eliminate the formation of hydrogen bonds in the tertiary structure of the protein.
B
Sickle-cell anemia results from
A. Inappropriate accelerated degradation of the protein hemoglobin
B. An alteration in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin
C. the substitution of a small nonpolar amino acid for a larger acidic amino acid
D. an inability to produce hemoglobin in sufficient amounts
E. B & C
C
In competitive inhibition of an enzyme,
A. A molecule similar to the substrate binds to an enzyme far removed from the active site of the enzyme.
B. A molecule similar to the substrate binds directly to the active site of the protein
C. A molecule with a shape dissimilar from the substrate binds to an enzyme far removed from the active site of the enzyme.
D. A molecule with a shape dissimilar from the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
E. Protein subunits fail to get together to form a macromolecular complex
B
In allosteric inhibition of an enzyme,
A. A molecule similar to the substrate binds to an enzyme far removed from the active site of the enzyme.
B. A molecule similar to the substrate binds directly to the active site of the protein
C. A molecule with a shape dissimilar from the substrate binds to an enzyme far removed from the active site of the enzyme.
D. A molecule with a shape dissimilar from the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme.
E. Protein subunits fail to get together to form a macromolecular complex
C
In Stanley Miller’s experiment in support of the hypothesis of chemical evolution, what chemicals were formed at the end of the experiment? A. amino acids B. proteins C. methane D. ammonia E. DNA and RNA
A
. A string of 40 amino acids is typically referred to as a A. protein B. enzyme C. oligopeptide D. macromolecular complex E. chromosome
C
How many ways are there of connecting together 9 of the most common amino acids found in proteins in most cells? A. 910 B. 920 C. 2010 D. 209 E. 99
D
Which of the following statements about monosaccharide structure is true?
A. A six-carbon sugar is called a pentose.
B. Aldoses and ketoses differ in the position of their hydroxyl groups.
C. Monosaccharides can be classified according to the spatial arrangement of their atoms
D. All monosaccharides contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms.
E. All monosaccharides are composed of six carbons
C
Starch and glycogen are similar because they
A. both have many peptide bonds
B. both have many α1,4 glycosidic linkages
C. both are used primarily as a storage mechanism for glucose
D. both bind well to hydrophobic compounds
E. B & C
E
Glucose can A. have a linear structure B. have a ring structure C. form glycosidic linkages D. form into disaccharides E. all of the above
E
Based on the data shown, what would happen if you boiled the solution containing human
peroxidase and then measured enzyme activity?
A. The boiling will have no effect on peroxidase activity.
B. The boiling will increase peroxidase activity
C. The boiling will decrease peroxidase activity
D. The boiling will denature the enzyme, most likely destroying it.
D
The boiling point of ethanol is 78ºC. You want to distill a solution of ethanol and water to
concentrate the ethanol, to what temperature should you heat the solution?
A. 65ºC
B. 78ºC
C. 90ºC
D. 100ºC
E. 110ºC
C
What should your hypothesis be for the “Do yeast produce ethanol under aerobic and
anaerobic conditions?”
A. Only the yeast growing under aerobic conditions will produce ethanol
B. Only the yeast growing under anaerobic conditions will produce ethanol
C. Yeast growing under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions will produce ethanol
D. There will be no ethanol production under aerobic or anaerobic conditions
B
You collected data in the Form and Function in Photosynthesis and made the below graph.
Unfortunately, you forgot to label which data series was 200μmol/m2 s, which data series was
100μmol/m2 s, and which data series was 50μmol/m2 s. Based on what you have read and
hypothesized, which data series is, in fact, the 50μmol/m2 s
A. series 1 (the blue diamonds)
B. series 2 (the green triangles)
C. series 3 (the green triangles)
A
Johnny is growing “tomatoes” in a light chamber in his dorm closet. Some are given Red
light, some are given Green light, some are given yellow light, and some are given Blue Light.
Under which color light will Johnny’s “tomatoes” grow the poorest?
A. Red
B. Green
C. Blue
D. Yellow
E. B & D
E
The cell walls of a substantial number of pathogenic bacteria are made particularly strong by A. α glycosidic bonds B. peptide bonds C. hydrophobic bonds D. ionic bonds E. peptidoglycans
E
Drugs related to penicillin act by
A. destroying α glycosidic bonds
B. putting holes into bacterial membranes
C. inhibiting enzymes that help construct the cell wall of bacteria
D. disrupting nucleic acids in the bacteria
E. disrupting cellular respiration in bacteria
C
Which complex carbohydrate contains β-1,4-glycosidic linkages? Α. Amylose B. Amylopectin C. Glycogen D. Starch E. Cellulose
E
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
A. in initiating calcium signaling in cells
B. as a component of animal cell membranes
C. as the most abundant male sex hormone
D. as the most abundant female sex hormone
E. all of cholesterol’s effects cause the body harm
B
