FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What is the name for a type of hook used for bagged cargo that is designed to minimize the damage to the bag itself?
bag hook
A cargo that doesn’t leak but can be damaged by leakage
Dry cargo
A cask of 126 gallons (2)
pipe or butt
The doors of a container are typically positioned which direction when the container is placed on the ship?
Aft
Defn: Valves that can be closed, operated as checkvalves, or opened completely and are usually located on bilge suction pipes.
Stop-lift-check valves
Defn: Any materials used to suppor and protect cargo regardless of the material type.
Dunnage
Formula: Roll Period and GM
GM = (.44 x B) / T
____________ is a type of airborne damage to cargo that is caused by dust particles; ventilation does not help remove these particles.
contamination
A document that the vessel captain is reponsible for that details the location, class, amount and description of HAZMAT onboard.
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Defn: The innate tendency of certain goods to self damage through spontaneous heating, wasting, rotting, fermentation, etc. with sequential injury to other merchandise stowed in the same compartment.
Inherent vice
Defn: The measurement of the volume of all the CARGO SPACES of a ship; a measurement of a vessel’s earning space.
Net Tonnage
Defn: The actual weight of the volume of a ship, measured in long tons, and equal to the weight of water displaced by the vessel.
Displacement Tonnage
Two (2) crucial pieces of information about the ship that must be known when making the tentative cargo plan and can be found on the capacity plan?
- Compartmentation 2. Volumes
Defn: Colored marks and shapes that are placed on cargo so that destination can be noted at a glance,
Port Marks
What is the difference between a label and a placard?
Label goes on individual packages of HAZMAT Placards go on the transport vehicle or container
A person who performs the phycial act of loading and discharging cargo from a ship.
Longshoreman
Moisture that may form on the cargo itself from the cargo.
Cargo sweat
Defn: A small doubling plate located at the end of a bilge sounding pipe to prevent the sounding weight from weighing through the lower tank plating.
Striking plate
Defn: The number of cubic feet required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.
Stowage factor
What is the percentage of total mixed gases for CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere of a reefer space?
21%
A type of plan that answers many of the questions of whether a given cargo shipment can be stowed in any given compartment and what the effect on the ship will be.
Capacity plan
Defn: Failure to exercise the degree of care considered reasonable under the circumstances, resulting in an unintended injury to another party.
Negligence
A shipping document that has information about the ship such as space available, height restrictions, length limits, broken stowage, etc; Is a running tally of cargo booked for the ship. Used by the operations department to plan for the stowage of the ship
Engagement sheet
What devices are used to secure one container to another stacked on top of it. Fits into the corner castings.
Twistlocks
The second-most common cause of moisture damage to cargo is from _______ sweat.
cargo sweat
Defn: The weight of all the cargo, fuel, stores, and supplies carried aboard a vessel; the actual carrying capacity of the vessel
Deadweight tonnage
Formula: Change in Trim
= (W x D) / MT1
What is the ROT regarding dewpoints of a cargo hold?
Always try to have the lowest dewpoint in cargo hold
Did the Harter Act of 1893 apply to international trade?
No
The tipping center is usually within _____ to ______ feet of amidships.
15 - 20 feet
Defn: The cargo space within a loaded ship that is NOT occupied by cargo.
Broken Stowage
Ventilate OR Do NOT Ventilate: Non-hygroscopic cargo: Ship loaded in warmer climate - ship steams into cool climate and cools down
Ventilate
Defn: the pressure exerted by water vapor present in a volume of air (expressed in in. Hg)
vapor pressure
What is the most important stress to account for on a ship at sea?
Roll
Who is responsible for specifying the required temperature a refrigerated cargo is to be maintained at during shipping?
the shipper
Formula: Max. Ht. of Cargo
= (Deck Load Capacity x SF) / 2240
Defn: A document that gives more complete data about every cargo stowed in each compartment; is often paired with a Commodity plan to give all necessary info.
Hatch List
Formula: Mean sinkage
= Tons loaded / TPI
Formula: SWL wire
= square of circumference / 2.5
Defn: A type of final stowage plan that shows as much of the detail of the stowage as possible on the profile of the ship; presents a visual representation of the stowage that can be readily interpreted.
Commodity Stowage Plan
Defn: Cargo that is loaded for discharge at any one of several ports at the option of the shipper; must be read for discharge at all of several ports.
Optional cargo
What is the shape of all HAZMAT labels?
diamond-shaped
A cask of 63 gallons
hogshead
A cask of 31.5 gallons
barrel
What is the CFR number that regulates hazmat in the US?
46 CFR 171 -174
Formula: Stowage Factor of Grain
SF (Grain) = (2240lbs x 1.2445 cu. ft.) / lbs of grain per bushel
Which source of water vapor in a cargo hold causes the most problems?
hygroscopic cargos
Formula: Combined SF & Broken Stowage
F = SF / (1-L) SF = stowage factor L = broken stowage
Vapor pressure within cargo (increases/decreases) as the temperature increases?
increases.
Formula: Stress on Topping Lift
= (Length of topping lift) / (ht of mast x wt lifted)
Defn: The tendency or ability of a ship to right itself after being heeled to one side or the other (less than 15 degrees)
Initial stability
What can happen when oxygen and moisture are combined within a cargo hold?
corrosion
Referring to HAZMAT, what must be kept in a designated container on or near the bridge?
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Defn: The measurement of the VOLUME of all the enclosed spaces on board a ship; applies to the vessel and not cargo
Gross Tonnage
Did the Harter Act have a provision for protection from fire?
No
What (6) protections were added under COGSA?
- Act of War
- Quarantine
- Strikes
- Insufficient cargo marking
- Latent defects in cargo
- Riots
What powers the modern ship-board crane?
electro-hydraulics OR hydraulics
A container designed for high-density cargo that is only 4ft high is known as a?
Half-height container
TRUE/FALSE: It is always beneficial to ventilate a cargo hold.
FALSE
List (3) main ways to reduce sweat damage to cargo:
- dunnage (sweat battens) 2. tarps to cover top tier of cargo 3. VENTILATION
Commodities that are susceptible to breakage.
Fragile cargoes
The person or company that transports the goods for any person or company and is responsible for loss of goods during transit.
Carrier
Defn: The cubic capacity measured vertically from below the beam flanges down the top of the tank top; transverse measurements are taken from INSIDE the sweat battens. Longitudinal measurements are taken from INSIDE the stiffeners on the bulkheads.
Bale capacity
How often must be HAZMAT cargo spaces be inspected after loading?
every 24 hours unless an automatic fire detection system is inplace
A document issued to a carrier that attests to the functionality of cargo equipment, cleanliness of spaces and the stowage of cargo given to the carrier by an independent surveyor.
Loading certificate
The (2) main categories of casks are?
- wet 2. dry
A stress that acts on the lower containers in a stack from the weight of those containers above them?
Stacking stresses
FORMULA: Tons to fit in given space (T)
= (V x (1 - L)) / f
When securing all cargo, a mate should always assume that what could happen to the ship the first night its out to sea?
it could run into a hurricane and the cargo should be stowed accordingly
A packaged load of unprocessed fibers moved as a cargo is known as what?
bale
A phrase used for the proper stowage of casks is:
“bung up and bilge free”
List the Advantages of containerization of cargo: (6)
- Fast turnaround 2. Protection from pilferage and damage 3. Protect from wx 4. Cheaper 5. Consolidation 6. Intermodalism
The __________ cargo stowage plan is completed when all cargo has been loaded.
Final
What is the fundamental requirement of protecting cargo?
Segregation of cargo
A cloth laid beneath cargo to catch the spilled cargo from town or burst bags.
Separation cloths
What type of plan contains the bale and cubic capacities and VCGs of all the cargo holds?
Capacity plan
78% of air is made up of what chemical component?
nitrogen
The shipping document that is a list of all cargoes on board the ship and given to customs officials is called?
A Manifest
Size and shape of a hatch opening influences the ________ of movement of the crane or hook which affects the time required to load or discharge cargo.
speed
Defn: The center of gravity of the waterplane; Longitudinal center of floatation (LCF)
Tipping Center
If loading extremely heavy cargo what is a concern regarding the deck that must be considered?
deck load capacity
The cargo stowage plan shows tweendecks in a _____ view and the lower holds in ________ view.
Plan view Profile view
All efforts for preparing a cargo space to receive cargo is under the perview of the _______ Mate and should be noted in the __________.
a. Chief Mate b. logbook
Preventing moisture and damage to cargo that results from condensation within a cargo hold is the primary objective of what?
ventilation
TRUE/FALSE: The Final Stowage Plan will look identical to the Tentative Stowage Plan.
False
Who approves or disapproves all stowage aboard a vessel?
the Master
For bagged cargo, what is the term used to describe a stacking/stowage method that provides the most ventilation?
“bag-on-bag” or “whole bag” method
A cask of 252 gallons
tun
An increase of 20 degs. Fahrenheit will roughly _________ the amount of water vapor a given amount of air can hold.
double
The warmer the air the (more/less) air it can hold?
more
Defn: small durable packages or pieces of cargo that may be stowed in the interstices or voids between larger pieces.
filler cargo
Defn: Cargo that is blocking the discharge of another cargo in one way or another.
Overstowage
A vessel with on-board cranes used to load and unload all manner of general cargo are generally known by what acronym?
LO-LO Lift On/Lift Off
Moisture that forms on the ship’s structure and can drip onto the cargo as a result of temperature differences between the metal of the ship and the outside environment.
Ship sweat
Defn: The cubic capcity measured from the inside of the plating on all six sides less the volume taken up by the structureal members extending into the hold.
Grain capacity
(1) Cubic foot of wood is equal to how many “Board Feet”?
1 cubic foot (wood) = 12 Board feet
What does ERG refer to
Emergency Response Guidebook
What is the required size of HAZMAT labels?
4 inches x 4 inches minimum
What does LASH standfor?
Lighter Aboard Ship
The _______ ________ ______ is a nonprofit organization that is authorized by the USCG to issues documents that verify a ship is following safe stowage procedures for HAZMAT.
National Cargo Bureau (NCB)
Defn: The temperature of the air when measured by a regular thermometer (that does not account for relative humidity)
Dry-bulb temperature
What are the (2) types of Final Stowage Plans?
- Commodity type plan 2. Block type plan
What kind of ventilation do modern ships possess?
forced ventilation
A wooden container that are built as a framework around cargo with open sides and tops.
crates
A ______ ____ on a pedestal crane prevents the jib from being raised too high.
boom stops
How much stronger is improved plow steel than regular plow steel?
15%
Defn: the weight of water vapor present in a given per unit weight of dry air
specific humidity
Defn: A type of dunnage that prevents contact with steel members of a vessel and thereby precludes the possibility of wetting with condesation.
Vertical Dunnage
