FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What is the name for a type of hook used for bagged cargo that is designed to minimize the damage to the bag itself?
bag hook
A cargo that doesn’t leak but can be damaged by leakage
Dry cargo
A cask of 126 gallons (2)
pipe or butt
The doors of a container are typically positioned which direction when the container is placed on the ship?
Aft
Defn: Valves that can be closed, operated as checkvalves, or opened completely and are usually located on bilge suction pipes.
Stop-lift-check valves
Defn: Any materials used to suppor and protect cargo regardless of the material type.
Dunnage
Formula: Roll Period and GM
GM = (.44 x B) / T
____________ is a type of airborne damage to cargo that is caused by dust particles; ventilation does not help remove these particles.
contamination
A document that the vessel captain is reponsible for that details the location, class, amount and description of HAZMAT onboard.
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Defn: The innate tendency of certain goods to self damage through spontaneous heating, wasting, rotting, fermentation, etc. with sequential injury to other merchandise stowed in the same compartment.
Inherent vice
Defn: The measurement of the volume of all the CARGO SPACES of a ship; a measurement of a vessel’s earning space.
Net Tonnage
Defn: The actual weight of the volume of a ship, measured in long tons, and equal to the weight of water displaced by the vessel.
Displacement Tonnage
Two (2) crucial pieces of information about the ship that must be known when making the tentative cargo plan and can be found on the capacity plan?
- Compartmentation 2. Volumes
Defn: Colored marks and shapes that are placed on cargo so that destination can be noted at a glance,
Port Marks
What is the difference between a label and a placard?
Label goes on individual packages of HAZMAT Placards go on the transport vehicle or container
A person who performs the phycial act of loading and discharging cargo from a ship.
Longshoreman
Moisture that may form on the cargo itself from the cargo.
Cargo sweat
Defn: A small doubling plate located at the end of a bilge sounding pipe to prevent the sounding weight from weighing through the lower tank plating.
Striking plate
Defn: The number of cubic feet required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.
Stowage factor
What is the percentage of total mixed gases for CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere of a reefer space?
21%
A type of plan that answers many of the questions of whether a given cargo shipment can be stowed in any given compartment and what the effect on the ship will be.
Capacity plan
Defn: Failure to exercise the degree of care considered reasonable under the circumstances, resulting in an unintended injury to another party.
Negligence
A shipping document that has information about the ship such as space available, height restrictions, length limits, broken stowage, etc; Is a running tally of cargo booked for the ship. Used by the operations department to plan for the stowage of the ship
Engagement sheet
What devices are used to secure one container to another stacked on top of it. Fits into the corner castings.
Twistlocks
The second-most common cause of moisture damage to cargo is from _______ sweat.
cargo sweat
Defn: The weight of all the cargo, fuel, stores, and supplies carried aboard a vessel; the actual carrying capacity of the vessel
Deadweight tonnage
Formula: Change in Trim
= (W x D) / MT1
What is the ROT regarding dewpoints of a cargo hold?
Always try to have the lowest dewpoint in cargo hold
Did the Harter Act of 1893 apply to international trade?
No
The tipping center is usually within _____ to ______ feet of amidships.
15 - 20 feet
Defn: The cargo space within a loaded ship that is NOT occupied by cargo.
Broken Stowage
Ventilate OR Do NOT Ventilate: Non-hygroscopic cargo: Ship loaded in warmer climate - ship steams into cool climate and cools down
Ventilate
Defn: the pressure exerted by water vapor present in a volume of air (expressed in in. Hg)
vapor pressure
What is the most important stress to account for on a ship at sea?
Roll
Who is responsible for specifying the required temperature a refrigerated cargo is to be maintained at during shipping?
the shipper
Formula: Max. Ht. of Cargo
= (Deck Load Capacity x SF) / 2240
Defn: A document that gives more complete data about every cargo stowed in each compartment; is often paired with a Commodity plan to give all necessary info.
Hatch List
Formula: Mean sinkage
= Tons loaded / TPI
Formula: SWL wire
= square of circumference / 2.5
Defn: A type of final stowage plan that shows as much of the detail of the stowage as possible on the profile of the ship; presents a visual representation of the stowage that can be readily interpreted.
Commodity Stowage Plan
Defn: Cargo that is loaded for discharge at any one of several ports at the option of the shipper; must be read for discharge at all of several ports.
Optional cargo
What is the shape of all HAZMAT labels?
diamond-shaped
A cask of 63 gallons
hogshead
A cask of 31.5 gallons
barrel
What is the CFR number that regulates hazmat in the US?
46 CFR 171 -174
Formula: Stowage Factor of Grain
SF (Grain) = (2240lbs x 1.2445 cu. ft.) / lbs of grain per bushel
Which source of water vapor in a cargo hold causes the most problems?
hygroscopic cargos
Formula: Combined SF & Broken Stowage
F = SF / (1-L) SF = stowage factor L = broken stowage
Vapor pressure within cargo (increases/decreases) as the temperature increases?
increases.
Formula: Stress on Topping Lift
= (Length of topping lift) / (ht of mast x wt lifted)
Defn: The tendency or ability of a ship to right itself after being heeled to one side or the other (less than 15 degrees)
Initial stability
What can happen when oxygen and moisture are combined within a cargo hold?
corrosion
Referring to HAZMAT, what must be kept in a designated container on or near the bridge?
Dangerous Cargo Manifest
Defn: The measurement of the VOLUME of all the enclosed spaces on board a ship; applies to the vessel and not cargo
Gross Tonnage
Did the Harter Act have a provision for protection from fire?
No
What (6) protections were added under COGSA?
- Act of War
- Quarantine
- Strikes
- Insufficient cargo marking
- Latent defects in cargo
- Riots
What powers the modern ship-board crane?
electro-hydraulics OR hydraulics
A container designed for high-density cargo that is only 4ft high is known as a?
Half-height container
TRUE/FALSE: It is always beneficial to ventilate a cargo hold.
FALSE
List (3) main ways to reduce sweat damage to cargo:
- dunnage (sweat battens) 2. tarps to cover top tier of cargo 3. VENTILATION
Commodities that are susceptible to breakage.
Fragile cargoes
The person or company that transports the goods for any person or company and is responsible for loss of goods during transit.
Carrier
Defn: The cubic capacity measured vertically from below the beam flanges down the top of the tank top; transverse measurements are taken from INSIDE the sweat battens. Longitudinal measurements are taken from INSIDE the stiffeners on the bulkheads.
Bale capacity
How often must be HAZMAT cargo spaces be inspected after loading?
every 24 hours unless an automatic fire detection system is inplace
A document issued to a carrier that attests to the functionality of cargo equipment, cleanliness of spaces and the stowage of cargo given to the carrier by an independent surveyor.
Loading certificate
The (2) main categories of casks are?
- wet 2. dry
A stress that acts on the lower containers in a stack from the weight of those containers above them?
Stacking stresses
FORMULA: Tons to fit in given space (T)
= (V x (1 - L)) / f
When securing all cargo, a mate should always assume that what could happen to the ship the first night its out to sea?
it could run into a hurricane and the cargo should be stowed accordingly
A packaged load of unprocessed fibers moved as a cargo is known as what?
bale
A phrase used for the proper stowage of casks is:
“bung up and bilge free”
List the Advantages of containerization of cargo: (6)
- Fast turnaround 2. Protection from pilferage and damage 3. Protect from wx 4. Cheaper 5. Consolidation 6. Intermodalism
The __________ cargo stowage plan is completed when all cargo has been loaded.
Final
What is the fundamental requirement of protecting cargo?
Segregation of cargo
A cloth laid beneath cargo to catch the spilled cargo from town or burst bags.
Separation cloths
What type of plan contains the bale and cubic capacities and VCGs of all the cargo holds?
Capacity plan
78% of air is made up of what chemical component?
nitrogen
The shipping document that is a list of all cargoes on board the ship and given to customs officials is called?
A Manifest
Size and shape of a hatch opening influences the ________ of movement of the crane or hook which affects the time required to load or discharge cargo.
speed
Defn: The center of gravity of the waterplane; Longitudinal center of floatation (LCF)
Tipping Center
If loading extremely heavy cargo what is a concern regarding the deck that must be considered?
deck load capacity
The cargo stowage plan shows tweendecks in a _____ view and the lower holds in ________ view.
Plan view Profile view
All efforts for preparing a cargo space to receive cargo is under the perview of the _______ Mate and should be noted in the __________.
a. Chief Mate b. logbook
Preventing moisture and damage to cargo that results from condensation within a cargo hold is the primary objective of what?
ventilation
TRUE/FALSE: The Final Stowage Plan will look identical to the Tentative Stowage Plan.
False
Who approves or disapproves all stowage aboard a vessel?
the Master
For bagged cargo, what is the term used to describe a stacking/stowage method that provides the most ventilation?
“bag-on-bag” or “whole bag” method
A cask of 252 gallons
tun
An increase of 20 degs. Fahrenheit will roughly _________ the amount of water vapor a given amount of air can hold.
double
The warmer the air the (more/less) air it can hold?
more
Defn: small durable packages or pieces of cargo that may be stowed in the interstices or voids between larger pieces.
filler cargo
Defn: Cargo that is blocking the discharge of another cargo in one way or another.
Overstowage
A vessel with on-board cranes used to load and unload all manner of general cargo are generally known by what acronym?
LO-LO Lift On/Lift Off
Moisture that forms on the ship’s structure and can drip onto the cargo as a result of temperature differences between the metal of the ship and the outside environment.
Ship sweat
Defn: The cubic capcity measured from the inside of the plating on all six sides less the volume taken up by the structureal members extending into the hold.
Grain capacity
(1) Cubic foot of wood is equal to how many “Board Feet”?
1 cubic foot (wood) = 12 Board feet
What does ERG refer to
Emergency Response Guidebook
What is the required size of HAZMAT labels?
4 inches x 4 inches minimum
What does LASH standfor?
Lighter Aboard Ship
The _______ ________ ______ is a nonprofit organization that is authorized by the USCG to issues documents that verify a ship is following safe stowage procedures for HAZMAT.
National Cargo Bureau (NCB)
Defn: The temperature of the air when measured by a regular thermometer (that does not account for relative humidity)
Dry-bulb temperature
What are the (2) types of Final Stowage Plans?
- Commodity type plan 2. Block type plan
What kind of ventilation do modern ships possess?
forced ventilation
A wooden container that are built as a framework around cargo with open sides and tops.
crates
A ______ ____ on a pedestal crane prevents the jib from being raised too high.
boom stops
How much stronger is improved plow steel than regular plow steel?
15%
Defn: the weight of water vapor present in a given per unit weight of dry air
specific humidity
Defn: A type of dunnage that prevents contact with steel members of a vessel and thereby precludes the possibility of wetting with condesation.
Vertical Dunnage
A wooden box that is sheathed to form a tightly closed container around cargo.
case
A method of stowing bagged cargo as tightly as possible by placing bags halfway on top of the two bags below.
“half bag”
What is the minimum safety factor that should be used when determining breaking strain?
5
Commodities that are exceptionally dusty and always tend to leave a residue behind them.
Dirty cargo
The term used for when a container is lifted from the docks and placed aboard a ship.
Loading
What is the main purpose of dunnage placed beneath cargo when stowed?
prevent it from getting wet
Who makes the rules and regs involving the transportation of HAZMAT in the US?
Materials Transportation Board, Dept of Transportation
What can be fitted to the sides of a ship’s cargo hold that serves to prevent cargo from contacting ship sweat?
sweat battens
Layers of cargo are referred to as:
tiers
_________ is a type of airborne damage that is caused by vapors introduced to a cargo hold from odorous cargoes; ventilation does not help prevent this kind of damage.
tainting
Ventilate OR Do NOT Ventilate: When the dewpoint of the outisde air is lower than the dewpoint of the hold?
Ventilate
The placing of strengthening materials beneath a deck in order to provide support for particularly heavy cargo stowed above
shoring
Cargoes that have the ability to absorb or release water vapor.
Hydroscopic cargo
True/False: The Tentative Cargo Plan is effectively the final cargo plan when it is complete and no further changes to the stowage plan can be expected.
False
What are two (2) critical components of a hatch that should be inspected prior to and upoon closure?
- gaskets 2. knife edges
Defn: Stowage of a disproportionate amount of cargo for any one hatch while in a port.
Long hatch
The most important shipping document between carrier and shipper. Contains a complete description of the cargo and the provisions of carriage of the cargo.
Bill of Lading
What are (2) ways that water vapor can be introduced to a cargo hold?
- outside air brought in by ventilation 2. hygroscopic cargos
FORMULA: Stowage factor (f)
= 2240/D
The document that serves as the contract between the shipper and the carrier.
Bill of Lading
A document that is affixed to the outside of any container or vehicle transporting HAZMAT.
Placard
Defn: cargo capable of absorbing moisture
hygroscopic cargo
List the Disadvantages of containerization of cargo: (6)
- Container mx and distribution 2. Containers not loaded for sea shipment 3. Container weight and space 4. Not suitable for all types of cargo 5. Not enough ventilation 6. Require specialized ports and equipment
Defn: The weight of the vessel excluding cargo, fuel, and stores.
Lightship Displacement
Ventilate OR Do NOT Ventilate: Non-hygroscopic cargo: Cargo loaded in cold climate - ship steams into warmer climate
Do NOT ventilate
What is the international convention made by the IMO that regulates hazardous cargo?
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
A “Board Foot” is equal to what dimensions:
12” x 12” x 1”
Who has the burden of proving freedom from negligence under the Harter Act?
The carrier
Formula: Stowage Factor (S.F.)
S.F. = 2240 (lbs) / Density
The amount of water vapor that a given sample of air can hold varies directly with the ___________ of the air.
temperature
A document that lists 16 categories relating to the safety, care, stowage, chemical make-up, emergency actions, etc. for a specific chemical.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
Defn: Cargo that is inadvertently left in the ship and taken beyond the port of discharge.
Overcarriage
Where should heavy cargo be loaded in reference to overall stowage?
At the bottom tiers
What does LO-LO stand for?
Lift On/Lift Off
21% of air is made up of what chemical component?
oxygen
What is the tool used to determine the dew point of a cargo hold while underway?
Sling psychrometer
The statute of limitation to file a claim how long under COGSA?
1 year
Defn: the weight of water present per volume of dry air
absolute humidity
Name (3) advantages of a modern crane over the married fall system?
- greater spotting area 2. safety 3. simplicity of ops
Cargo highly susceptible to damage by tainting from the oderous cargo types.
Delicate cargo
What does PCC stand for?
Pure Car Carrier
Defn: Assembling large blocks of cargo on one level and in one compartment when able in order to eliminate small segments of cargo throughout the ship.
Block Stowage
Defn: A type of final stowage plan that shows the limitation of the cargo, but numbers placed on the profile of the ship represent a line or list placed below the profile of the ship or on a separate piece of paper. Contains the most detail of the cargo and stowage.
Block Stowage Plan
When the dew point, saturation point, and wet-bulb temperature are all the same the air is said to be __________.
saturated
What are the (3) rotational moments of a ship?
Roll Pitch Yaw
Cargos that stow over 40 cubic feet per ton and are payed for but the cubic are called _____________ Cargoes.
Measurement cargoes
(3) requirements of the shipowner by the Harter Act of 1893:
- Properly stow and care for cargo 2. Due diligence to man, equip, and provision ship 3. Due diligence for seaworthiness
Cargoes that store under 40 cubic feet per ton and are paid for by the ton are called ______________ cargoes.
Deadweight cargoes
Ensuring that cargo is divided among cargo holds so that one hold does not contain a disproportionate number of gang hours of work to discharge is preventing what?
the “long hatch”
This act applied to ship borne trade on an international scale:
Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1936 (COGSA)
What is the term used for the placing of cargo inside a container?
Stuffing
A Bill of Lading in which no exceptions are noted on it is said to be ________.
Clean
What can be used to plan for the number of work gangs required to load or unload a vessel?
Tentative Cargo Plan
How could the Harter Act be applied to international trade?
If specified on the bill of lading
When the vapor pressure within a hygroscopic cargo exceeds the vapor pressure of a cargo hold the cargo will do what?
give off moisture
What are the (5) stowage principles?
- Protect the ship 2. Protect the cargo 3. Maximize cubic 4. Rapid load/discharge 5. Safety
Defn: The weight of the vessel fully loaded with cargo, fuel, and stores; Loaded to the load line.
Loaded or Heavy Displacement
What is one of the first initial actions you must take in the event of a fire onboard ship?
secure ventilation immediately
_______ cargo decreases broken stowage and can help shore up larger cargo it fits between.
filler cargo
A piece of dunnage that leads upward from the deck toward the cargo being held in place.
Shore
A cargo that is liquid but stored in containers and has the possibility of leakage. Does NOT refer to bulk liquid cargos
Wet cargo
Defn: All the drain pipes from upper decks and drain holes in the hold that carry off liquids to the drain well in the lower holds.
Limber system
Defn: Long metal handles used to operate stop-lift-check valves in the bilges from the deck; act as extentions of the valve stems
Reach rods
A receipt of cargo by the vessel that is signed by the chief mate is called?
A mate’s receipt
Items found on the capacity plan: (9)
- Volume 2. Compartmentation 3. Safety areas 4. Clearances 5. Deck load capacities 6. Geometric centers 7. Trimming table 8. Deadweight scale 9. Cargo gear arrangements and limits
Cargo bound for the (first/last) ______ port of call should be loaded first on the ______ tiers.
first bottom
Formula: Broken Stowage (L)
L = [(V - v) / V] x 100 L = % broken stowage V = volume of cargo space v = volume of cargo
What steps should be taken after enountering heavy wx when tranporting dangerous cargo?
Inspect HAZMAT cargo spaces
Formula: Invisible Distance (I) Blind Spot Calc.
Invisible Distance (I) = (Height at Bow (B) x Distance from the Bridge to Bow (D)) / (Ht at Bridge (A) - Ht at Bow (B))
_______ is an organization that can act as a surveyor for reefer spaces and machinery.
ABS
Name (3) common components of a container lash system:
- Tensioner 2. Rods 3. Turnbuckles
A piece of dunnage leading horizontally that is placed to prevent the shifting of cargo and possibility of crushing.
Brace
What does PCTC stand for?
Pure Car/Truck Carrier
The doors of reefer containers are usually facing what direction when placed on the ship, and why?
Forward, to protect refrigeration machinery
Defn: Occurs when the maximum amount of water vapor a volume of air can hold at a given temperature is present
saturation
How long must the Dangerous Cargo Manifest be kept on the ship after a voyage?
1 year
Cargoes that do not leave a residue and are not likely to leak.
Clean cargo
Dunnage such as “Venetian vent,” “rice ventilator,” sweat battens serve what purpose?
Ventilate cargo
Formula: # of Tons in a given space
T = [V x (1 - L)] / SF
The department of a liner company that decides the freight rate, surchages, and issues the Freight Invoice.
Freight Department
An improperly cleaned reefer space may cause ______ to form even iff the spaces meet optimum temperatures, humidity and air motion.
mold
What is the name of the document issued by the NCB that verifies a ship is compliant with the HAZMAT stowage regulations?
Certificate of Loading
Lashings for cargo should be made out of what?
chain or wire
Formula: Breaking strain of wire
= 2.5 x square of circumference
A document used by carrier to note delivery of cargo and any exceptions that cargo may have.
Dock Receipt
A guide to aid first responders in quickly identifying the specific nd general hazards of a material involved in an incident.
Emergency Response Guidebook
A person who plans and supervises the loading or dischargin of a ship:
Stevedore
The person or company to be advised by the carrier upon arrival of the goods at the destination port.
Notify Party
A major concern with baled cargo and some times of unprocessed fibers is what hazard?
fire
A ______ _________ on a crane indicates the angle of the jib.
boom indicator
Defn: Pieces of metal placed on the deck around the corners of hatch opening to maintain the structural strength of the decks.
Doubler plates
(3) basic purposes of hatch covers:
- seal the hatch 2. protect ship and cargo 3. support weight of deck cargo
The ________ or _______ ______ should brief all of the ship’s officers in regard to the loading operation.
Master Chief Mate
What document is used to layout the Tentative Cargo Plan?
Engagement sheet
Defn: Cargo stowage so as to eliminate small segments of cargo in several loactions in any one hatch and attempt to assemble large blocks at one level in one compartment.
Block stowage
A Bill of Lading in which the shipper has not yet paid for shipment. The consignee will not receive the cargo until they present an endorsed Bill of Lading at the discharge port.
Order Bill of Lading
What is an addition that can be added by a manufacture that makes bagged cargo easier to pick up and move by the individual longshoreman?
“dog ears”
What percentage of deck cargo can be composed of HAZMAT?
no more than 50%
The plan that shows the approximate amounts of tons or units of a cargo that is planned for a space?
Tentative Cargo Plan
What (2) laws is the Bill of Lading based off of?
- Harter Act 2. COGSA
The supplier or owner of commodities shipped.
Shipper
Defn: The temperature of the air that is measured accounting for relative humdity
Wet-bulb temperature
A stress that occurs on containers that occurs when the ship rolls and forces the top of the container out of alignment with the bottom?
Racking stresses
1 board foot is equal to?
1” x 12” x 12”
What specific ship’s officer should have a copy of the Tentative Cargo Plan?
Chief Mate
(6) protections provided by the Harter Act of 1893 to shipowners:
- Errors of nav or ship management 2. Perils of the sea 3. Insufficiency of packing 4. Legal seizure 5. Omission of shipper 6. Saving life or property at sea
An individual that takes care of claims arising from cargo disputes or damage is referred to as?
Claims Agent
Ventilate OR Do NOT Ventilate: Hygroscopic cargo: vessel sailing from warm climate to a cold climate
Ventilate
The most important aspects of due dilligence in cargo operations are what (3) items?
- proper handling 2. stowage 3. care of cargo
Who must ensure the cargo is properly labelled when shipping, the carrier or the shipper?
The shipper
Is the carrier or the shipper responsible for properly stuffing cargo into the containers and properly securing the cargo inside the containers.
The shipper
The term used for when a container is removed from a ship.
Discharging
Protection, under COGSA, extended to stevedores and independent contractors loading and discharging a ship is provided by a ___________ clause.
“Himalaya” clause
The party shown on the bill of lading to who the shipment is consigned.
Consignee
What does the acronym ROPAX mean?
Roll-on/Roll-Off Passenger vessel (FERRY)
Cardboard walled containers used to hold smaller cargo is known as what?
carton
Cargo that is re-bagged after falling free from bagged cargo is called:
“ship-fills”
How is a freight rate determined?
Based on maximum revenue by cubic or by weight
Defn: The ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor the air is capable of holding at that temperature.
relative humdity
A Bill of Lading in which no endorsement is necessary and in which the consignee has paid for shipment.
Straight Bill of Lading
What was the additional requirement imposed on the shipowner by COGSA?
That all cargo spaces are fit and safe for carrying cargo
The term used for heaving on the winches of both booms of a married fall system in order to get the load up high enough to clear the bulwarks; Results in a great angle between the two falls and the two winches pulling against one another, placing great strain on all the gear involved
tight lining
What shows the limitations of stowage as to height, location of bulkheads and other concerns for cargo?
Tentative Cargo plan
A ________ must be kept of the temperature maintained in reefer spaces during the a voyage.
records / logs
Forumla: SWL rope
BS / SF
Most damage to cargo occurs from _____ sweat.
ship sweat
The individual within a liner company that managers the operations department, solicits cargo, analyzes routes and cargo flow, and has inputs over new ship construction and charting:
Freight Traffic Manager
A shipping company with regular, scheduled service on a regular route is known by what term?
Liner company
Who enforces the regulations in the US for the transportation of HAZMAT?
USCG
LEL means?
Lower Explosive Limit
The range of concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn or explode if an ignition source is introduced.
Flammable (or Explosive) range
Defn: The number of cubic feet (space) required to stow one ton of a given cargo without any broken stowage.
Stowage Factor
__________ _________ are used to lift the container, to lock into other containers, or secure it to the ship and are located at the corners of the container.
Corner castings
UEL means?
Upper Explosive Limit
Other than ABS what is another organization that a carrier can hire to survey ship equipment prior to carrying cargo?
National Cargo Bureau (NBC)
FORMULA: Rate of Air Flow (reefer)
V = R x A V = volume R = spd of air A = cross section of air path
Generally, all cargo needs _______ placed beneath it when stowed.
Dunnage
What is the ditty for ventilation of non-hygroscopic cargo?
“Hot to Cold - Ventilate Bold, Cold to Hot, Ventilate Not.”
What occurs if additional water vapor is present with air in a saturated condition?
condensation
Ventilation can more accurately be described as _____ __________ for cargo holds.
air conditioning
Defn: The difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures
Wet-bulb depression
What is the minimum distance that HAZMAT can be stowed in relation to lifeboats?
25 feet
________ __________ were constructed to permit the containers to be lowered within a confined boundary which was strong enough to restrain containers below deck.
Cell guides
Athwartship and fore and aft lines of stowage are referred to as what?
rows
Defn: A term used to indicate the steps taken to prevent damage to cargoes from condensed moisture in cargo holds.
Ventilation
If a bagged cargo does not require as much venting and one desires to maximize the use of available cubic one would use what method?
“Half-bag” method
Defn: The weight that must be loaded to increase (or discharge to decrease) the mean draft by one inch.
Tons per inch immersion (TPI)
Defn: The temperature at which condensation will occur for a given volume of air
dew point
What is the time frame for conducint pre-cooling on a reefer space prior to cargo being loaded?
at least 24 hours
A marking or document that denotes a hazard of a cargo by means of color and symbol.
Label
A container used for cargo that does not conform to the normal container sizes because it is too awkward or big is called:
Flat rack container
A piece of dunnage that leads from the overhead down to the cargo to prevent shifting.
Tom
The diversity of the cargo, its inherent characterisitics, size, shape, and weight determine how the cargos must be ___________ from one another.
segregated
Commodities that give off fumes that are likely to taint certain susceptible cargoes.
Oderous cargo
Removing cargo from a container is usually referred to as?
Un-stuffing
A method for stacking bagged cargo that can improve the stability of the stowage is known as the ____________.
criss-cross method
What other items should be taken into consideration for pre-cooling with the reefer space?
Dunnage or gratings
Each container stowage location is identified by a ______, ______, and _______.
Bay Row Tier
What should not be used for lashing because it can loosen throughout the voyage?
no soft line
Name (2) U.S. organizations that act as marine surveyors for reefer and other cargo spaces and equipment.
- American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) 2. National Cargo Bureau (NBC)
A method of stowing bagged cargos by placing the bags directly on top of one another.
“bag-on-bag” method
“Chilled” cargo is carried at about ______ to ______ degrees above the freezing point of that cargo.
1 - 2 degrees
During loading ops for HAZMAT what is the requirement for the ship’s officer?
An officer must be present on deck to supervise loading of HAZMAT
When a ship is completely loaded with cargo so that her deadweight capacity is used the term used is:
“Full and Down”
