EXAM 1 Flashcards
List the Disadvantages of containerization of cargo: (6)
- Container mx and distribution 2. Containers not loaded for sea shipment 3. Container weight and space 4. Not suitable for all types of cargo 5. Not enough ventilation 6. Require specialized ports and equipment
A document used by carrier to note delivery of cargo and any exceptions that cargo may have.
Dock Receipt
What does LO-LO stand for?
Lift On/Lift Off
The department of a liner company that decides the freight rate, surchages, and issues the Freight Invoice.
Freight Department
A Bill of Lading in which no endorsement is necessary and in which the consignee has paid for shipment.
Straight Bill of Lading
Defn: The weight that must be loaded to increase (or discharge to decrease) the mean draft by one inch.
Tons per inch immersion (TPI)
Formula: # of Tons in a given space
T = [V x (1 - L)] / SF
Name (3) common components of a container lash system:
- Tensioner 2. Rods 3. Turnbuckles
What does LASH standfor?
Lighter Aboard Ship
Defn: The weight of all the cargo, fuel, stores, and supplies carried aboard a vessel; the actual carrying capacity of the vessel
Deadweight tonnage
Commodities that are exceptionally dusty and always tend to leave a residue behind them.
Dirty cargo
A Bill of Lading in which no exceptions are noted on it is said to be ________.
Clean
What is the fundamental requirement of protecting cargo?
Segregation of cargo
A “Board Foot” is equal to what dimensions:
12” x 12” x 1”
A cargo that is liquid but stored in containers and has the possibility of leakage. Does NOT refer to bulk liquid cargos
Wet cargo
Defn: The actual weight of the volume of a ship, measured in long tons, and equal to the weight of water displaced by the vessel.
Displacement Tonnage
List the Advantages of containerization of cargo: (6)
- Fast turnaround 2. Protection from pilferage and damage 3. Protect from wx 4. Cheaper 5. Consolidation 6. Intermodalism
The party shown on the bill of lading to who the shipment is consigned.
Consignee
A stress that occurs on containers that occurs when the ship rolls and forces the top of the container out of alignment with the bottom?
Racking stresses
Formula: Mean sinkage
= Tons loaded / TPI
A piece of dunnage leading horizontally that is placed to prevent the shifting of cargo and possibility of crushing.
Brace
When a ship is completely loaded with cargo so that her deadweight capacity is used the term used is:
“Full and Down”
The document that serves as the contract between the shipper and the carrier.
Bill of Lading
Defn: Assembling large blocks of cargo on one level and in one compartment when able in order to eliminate small segments of cargo throughout the ship.
Block Stowage
Removing cargo from a container is usually referred to as?
Un-stuffing
Formula: Invisible Distance (I) Blind Spot Calc.
Invisible Distance (I) = (Height at Bow (B) x Distance from the Bridge to Bow (D)) / (Ht at Bridge (A) - Ht at Bow (B))
A shipping document that has information about the ship such as space available, height restrictions, length limits, broken stowage, etc; Is a running tally of cargo booked for the ship. Used by the operations department to plan for the stowage of the ship
Engagement sheet
What are the (5) stowage principles?
- Protect the ship 2. Protect the cargo 3. Maximize cubic 4. Rapid load/discharge 5. Safety
Defn: Colored marks and shapes that are placed on cargo so that destination can be noted at a glance,
Port Marks
The tipping center is usually within _____ to ______ feet of amidships.
15 - 20 feet
How is a freight rate determined?
Based on maximum revenue by cubic or by weight
Defn: The number of cubic feet (space) required to stow one ton of a given cargo without any broken stowage.
Stowage Factor
Defn: Stowage of a disproportionate amount of cargo for any one hatch while in a port.
Long hatch
A cargo that doesn’t leak but can be damaged by leakage
Dry cargo
A piece of dunnage that leads upward from the deck toward the cargo being held in place.
Shore
A shipping company with regular, scheduled service on a regular route is known by what term?
Liner company
Defn: The measurement of the volume of all the CARGO SPACES of a ship; a measurement of a vessel’s earning space.
Net Tonnage
The supplier or owner of commodities shipped.
Shipper
(6) protections provided by the Harter Act of 1893 to shipowners:
- Errors of nav or ship management 2. Perils of the sea 3. Insufficiency of packing 4. Legal seizure 5. Omission of shipper 6. Saving life or property at sea
Cargo highly susceptible to damage by tainting from the oderous cargo types.
Delicate cargo
Defn: The center of gravity of the waterplane; Longitudinal center of floatation (LCF)
Tipping Center
The doors of a container are typically positioned which direction when the container is placed on the ship?
Aft
The most important shipping document between carrier and shipper. Contains a complete description of the cargo and the provisions of carriage of the cargo.
Bill of Lading
A container designed for high-density cargo that is only 4ft high is known as a?
Half-height container
__________ _________ are used to lift the container, to lock into other containers, or secure it to the ship and are located at the corners of the container.
Corner castings
A vessel with on-board cranes used to load and unload all manner of general cargo are generally known by what acronym?
LO-LO Lift On/Lift Off
Formula: Combined SF & Broken Stowage
F = SF / (1-L) SF = stowage factor L = broken stowage
What does PCTC stand for?
Pure Car/Truck Carrier
Defn: The tendency or ability of a ship to right itself after being heeled to one side or the other (less than 15 degrees)
Initial stability
What does the acronym ROPAX mean?
Roll-on/Roll-Off Passenger vessel (FERRY)
The person or company that transports the goods for any person or company and is responsible for loss of goods during transit.
Carrier
What are the (3) rotational moments of a ship?
Roll Pitch Yaw
Cargoes that do not leave a residue and are not likely to leak.
Clean cargo
Is the carrier or the shipper responsible for properly stuffing cargo into the containers and properly securing the cargo inside the containers.
The shipper
Defn: The innate tendency of certain goods to self damage through spontaneous heating, wasting, rotting, fermentation, etc. with sequential injury to other merchandise stowed in the same compartment.
Inherent vice
(3) requirements of the shipowner by the Harter Act of 1893:
- Properly stow and care for cargo 2. Due diligence to man, equip, and provision ship 3. Due diligence for seaworthiness
What (6) protections were added under COGSA?
- Act of War 2. Quarantine 3. Strikes 4. Insufficient cargo marking 5. Latent defects in cargo 6. Riots
What is the most important stress to account for on a ship at sea?
Roll
A container used for cargo that does not conform to the normal container sizes because it is too awkward or big is called:
Flat rack container
The person or company to be advised by the carrier upon arrival of the goods at the destination port.
Notify Party
Protection, under COGSA, extended to stevedores and independent contractors loading and discharging a ship is provided by a ___________ clause.
“Himalaya” clause
What does PCC stand for?
Pure Car Carrier
What is the term used for the placing of cargo inside a container?
Stuffing
Cargos that stow over 40 cubic feet per ton and are payed for but the cubic are called _____________ Cargoes.
Measurement cargoes
The term used for when a container is lifted from the docks and placed aboard a ship.
Loading
What devices are used to secure one container to another stacked on top of it. Fits into the corner castings.
Twistlocks
Defn: Any materials used to suppor and protect cargo regardless of the material type.
Dunnage
A stress that acts on the lower containers in a stack from the weight of those containers above them?
Stacking stresses
A receipt of cargo by the vessel that is signed by the chief mate is called?
A mate’s receipt
Dunnage such as “Venetian vent,” “rice ventilator,” sweat battens serve what purpose?
Ventilate cargo
Formula: Stowage Factor (S.F.)
S.F. = 2240 (lbs) / Density
Formula: Broken Stowage (L)
L = [(V - v) / V] x 100 L = % broken stowage V = volume of cargo space v = volume of cargo
Commodities that give off fumes that are likely to taint certain susceptible cargoes.
Oderous cargo
(1) Cubic foot of wood is equal to how many “Board Feet”?
1 cubic foot (wood) = 12 Board feet
Defn: The cargo space within a loaded ship that is NOT occupied by cargo.
Broken Stowage
The term used for when a container is removed from a ship.
Discharging
The doors of reefer containers are usually facing what direction when placed on the ship, and why?
Forward, to protect refrigeration machinery
Cargoes that have the ability to absorb or release water vapor.
Hydroscopic cargo
Who has the burden of proving freedom from negligence under the Harter Act?
The carrier
The statute of limitation to file a claim how long under COGSA?
1 year
A Bill of Lading in which the shipper has not yet paid for shipment. The consignee will not receive the cargo until they present an endorsed Bill of Lading at the discharge port.
Order Bill of Lading
Formula: Max. Ht. of Cargo
= (Deck Load Capacity x SF) / 2240
Formula: Stowage Factor of Grain
SF (Grain) = (2240lbs x 1.2445 cu. ft.) / lbs of grain per bushel
Defn: A type of dunnage that prevents contact with steel members of a vessel and thereby precludes the possibility of wetting with condesation.
Vertical Dunnage
What (2) laws is the Bill of Lading based off of?
- Harter Act 2. COGSA
Did the Harter Act of 1893 apply to international trade?
No
Did the Harter Act have a provision for protection from fire?
No
Formula: Roll Period and GM
GM = (.44 x B) / T
Formula: Change in Trim
= (W x D) / MT1
An individual that takes care of claims arising from cargo disputes or damage is referred to as?
Claims Agent
Defn: The measurement of the VOLUME of all the enclosed spaces on board a ship; applies to the vessel and not cargo
Gross Tonnage
A person who plans and supervises the loading or dischargin of a ship:
Stevedore
Each container stowage location is identified by a ______, ______, and _______.
Bay Row Tier
This act applied to ship borne trade on an international scale:
Carriage of Goods By Sea Act 1936 (COGSA)
________ __________ were constructed to permit the containers to be lowered within a confined boundary which was strong enough to restrain containers below deck.
Cell guides
A piece of dunnage that leads from the overhead down to the cargo to prevent shifting.
Tom
Defn: The weight of the vessel excluding cargo, fuel, and stores.
Lightship Displacement
The individual within a liner company that manages the staff concerned with booking cargo, prepping shipping documents and paying for any cargo fees:
Outbound Traffic Manager
Cargoes that store under 40 cubic feet per ton and are paid for by the ton are called ______________ cargoes.
Deadweight cargoes
The individual within a liner company that managers the operations department, solicits cargo, analyzes routes and cargo flow, and has inputs over new ship construction and charting:
Freight Traffic Manager
Commodities that are susceptible to breakage.
Fragile cargoes
The shipping document that is a list of all cargoes on board the ship and given to customs officials is called?
A Manifest
Defn: Failure to exercise the degree of care considered reasonable under the circumstances, resulting in an unintended injury to another party.
Negligence
Defn: Cargo that is inadvertently left in the ship and taken beyond the port of discharge.
Overcarriage
What was the additional requirement imposed on the shipowner by COGSA?
That all cargo spaces are fit and safe for carrying cargo
Defn: The weight of the vessel fully loaded with cargo, fuel, and stores; Loaded to the load line.
Loaded or Heavy Displacement
How could the Harter Act be applied to international trade?
If specified on the bill of lading
Defn: Cargo that is blocking the discharge of another cargo in one way or another.
Overstowage
A person who performs the phycial act of loading and discharging cargo from a ship.
Longshoreman
