Final Exam Flashcards
True or False:
Temperature increases due to global climate change have been greatest closest to the poles.
T
True or False:
Under the biological species concept, the gap between species is maintained by reproductive isolation.
T
True or False:
Once carbon enters a plant, it can exit the plant as CO2.
T
True or False:
Each island in the Galápagos chain has one and only one isolated, unique species of Darwin’s finch.
F
True or False:
Natural selection starts with the creation of new alleles that are directed toward improving an organism’s fitness.
F
True or False:
Natural selection can be observed working in organisms alive today.
T
True or False:
The main abiotic reservoir for phosphorus is in the atmosphere.
F
True or False:
A biological community includes all the populations of different species.
T
True or False:
Blond mice are less vulnerable to predation in mainland habits than in beach habitats.
F
True or False:
Perturbations in the phosphorus and nitrogen cycles can be harmful for aquatic ecosystems.
T
True or False:
Models can prove human involvement in climate change because of consistent changes observed over the last 50 years.
F
True or False:
Unlike other primates, human populations are parasitized by three lousy louse species.
T
True or False:
In a food chain or a food web, an eagle is likely to be a primary consumer.
F
True or False:
If predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of rabbits, then an increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
T
Which one of the following can create new alleles? A. natural selection B. sexual reproduction C. mutation D. genetic drift
c
Speciation, or the formation of new species, is
A. a form of microevolution.
B. responsible for the diversity of life.
C. necessary for natural selection and adaptation.
D. an event that has occurred only a few times in the history of the planet.
b
The greenhouse effect causes an increase in global temperatures. This increase is primarily due to ______.
A. CO2 and other greenhouse gases allowing more solar radiation to penetrate Earth’s
surface
B. CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of UV radiation from Earth
C. the loss of ozone that trapped cooling UV radiation in the atmosphere
D. CO2 and other greenhouse gases slowing the escape of heat from Earth
d
Which of the following would be a limiting factor for growth of a population of downy woodpeckers living in the Ozark Mountains of southwestern Missouri?
A. The presence of West Nile Virus in this region, which has been known to kill a wide variety of birds, including downy woodpeckers
B. Limiting insecticide use in the area to control mosquito populations (the food source of
downy woodpeckers)
C. Lack of black rate snakes that feed on young woodpeckers living in this area
D. Introduction of individuals of the same species from other areas
a
Diane Dodd raised different fruit fly populations on different food sources. She found that after about 40 generations the evolution of reproductive isolation was under way. The mechanism of evolution responsible for this was A. natural selection. B. geneticdrift. C. geneflow. D. mutation.
a
The production of many types of essential oils by thyme plants causes A. allelopathy B. the“toxicbabysitter”effect C. snails to smell like skunks D. epistasis
a
Natural selection can be defined as ______.
A. the evolution of a population of organisms
B. a process in which changes in gene frequencies result from evolution
C. the production of more offspring than can survive in a given environment
D. a process in which organisms with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and
reproduce than individuals with other traits
d
The total collection of alleles in a population at any one time make up that population's \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. gene pool B. genotype C. heterozygosity D. polymorphic pool
a
Genetic drift is the result of \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. natural selection B. chance C. a large genepool D. environmental variation
b
With regard to its rate of growth, a population that is growing logistically
A. grows fastest at intermediate population density
B. grows fastest when density is lowest
C. has a high intrinsic rate of increase
D. grows fastest as it approaches carrying capacity
a
What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and abiotic aspects of an environment? A. community B. organism C. ecosystem D. population
c
A mule is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare) and is sterile. It cannot produce fertile offspring. The mule is an example of A. a prezygotic barrier. B. a postzygotic barrier. C. allopatricspeciation. D. none of the above.
b
What can you correctly conclude from the data in this figure?
A. The lynx cycle precedes the hare cycle by 1-2 years.
B. The number of hares is always larger than the number of lynx.
C. The lynx cycle lags behind the hare cycle.
D. hares wear snowshoes they outrun the lynx.
c
Given that CO2 is produced by cellular respiration, why does the amount of CO2 in the
atmosphere remain relatively constant? (When answering this question, exclude the impact of human activities on atmospheric CO2.)
A. CO2 is converted in photosynthesis to carbohydrates.
B. CO2 is split apart during photosynthesis.
C. CO2 mostly forms carbonate rocks.
D. CO2 is trapped in dead organisms’ bodies.
a
A woman struggling with a bacterial illness is prescribed a month’s supply of a potent antibiotic. She takes the antibiotic for about two weeks and feels much better. Should she save the remaining two-week supply, or should she continue taking the drug?
A. She should save the drug for later, because if she keeps taking it the bacteria will evolve
resistance.
B. She should save the drug for use the next time the illness strikes.
C. She should save the drug because antibiotics are in short supply and she may need it to
defend herself against a bioterrorism incident.
D. She should continue taking the drug until her immune system can completely eliminate
the infection. Otherwise, some bacteria may remain in her system, and they will probably be resistant.
d
Ferns require moisture to reproduce. What will happen to a fern population during a prolonged period of drought?
A. To save the species, some of the ferns will acquire the ability to reproduce without water.
B. Thefernswillstartsympatricspeciation.
C. If none of the ferns already have the ability to reproduce without water, the ferns might
go extinct.
D. None of the above.
c
In the oceans, global warming has A. decreased the amount of oxygen available B. benefited corals C. made the water more basic D. made the water more acidic
d
What is one way in which energy flow differs from chemical cycling?
A. Energy flow is unidirectional; chemical elements can be recycled.
B. Energy can enter but cannot leave an ecosystem; chemical elements can leave but cannot
enter an ecosystem.
C. Energy flows from lower to higher trophic levels; chemicals cycle from higher to lower
trophic levels.
D. Energy can both enter and leave an ecosystem; chemical elements always remain within a
single ecosystem.
a
According to the logistic growth model, what happens to a population when the size of the population reaches carrying capacity?
A. The growth rate remains unchanged.
B. The population begins to decrease in size.
C. The population crashes.
D. The growth rate is zero.
d
What do the results above show about the role of predation and camouflage in beach mice?
A. Predation on dark and light models is similar in both habitats.
B. Camouflaged models suffer no predation in both habitats.
C. Predation on camouflaged models is reduced relative to non-camouflaged models in both
habitats
c
An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. If this is the case, which of the following population effects could be expected in this rabbit-owl pair?
A. A fall in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
B. A fall in the rabbit population should cause an increase in the owl population.
C. An increase in the incidence of disease in the rabbit population should not change the owl
population.
D. An increase in the owl population should cause a fall in the rabbit population.
d
The rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy stored in biomass is called \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. energy flow B. chemicalcycle C. primary productivity D. trophic structure
c
Frequently, a group of related species will each have a unique courtship ritual that must be performed correctly for both partners to be willing to mate. Such a ritual constitutes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reproductive barrier. A. mechanical; postzygotic B. behavioral;prezygotic C. temporal;prezygotic D. gametic; postzygotic
b
Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?
A. the wing of a bat and the scales of a fish
B. the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale
C. the antennae of an insect and the eyes of a bird
D. the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly
b
What does evolutionary fitness measure? A. physical health B. longevity C. relative reproductive success D. population size
c
Which of the following are the main ideas that Darwin advanced in his works?
A. Species change over time.
B. Living species have arisen from earlier life forms.
C. Humans arose by a different mechanism than did other species.
D. The earth is approximately 6000 years old and unchanging
E. Both a and b
e
Select the most correct statement about mutations.
A. Mutations are deleterious to the mutant individual.
B. Mutations arise due to need in individuals that are poorly adapted to their environment.
C. Mutations arise by chance due to random changes in nucleotide sequences.
D. Mutations arise due to natural selection
E. Mutations are beneficial to the mutant individual.
c
A reproductive barrier that prevents species from mating is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_. A. a prezygotic barrier B. reduced hybrid viability C. zygotemortality D. a postzygotic barrier
a
What kind of interaction do ants and acacia plants have with each other? A. Herbivory B. Parasitism C. mutualism D. competition
c
Average Birth Weight for lowlanders such as Europeans and the Han: A. Is not affected by altitude B. Declines with altitude C. Rises with Altitude D. There is not enough information
b
Some butterflies can ingest toxic chemicals from the milkweed plants they feed on and then can store those chemicals in their body. Because toxins stored in the butterflies are toxic to birds, the birds avoid eating the butterflies. Which of the following is the best explanation for this situation?
A. Butterflies that stored the chemicals were never eaten by predators, so those butterflies survived.
B. Butterflies developed a mutation that led them to be able to store the chemical because they needed to avoid being eaten.
C. Milkweed plants wanted the butterflies to ingest the chemical so they would no longer feed on the plant, but the butterflies fooled the milkweed by storing the toxic chemicals.
D. Any butterfly allele that allowed milkweed toxin storage would be likely to persist because butterflies that had it were more likely to survive.
d
Which of the following is not an observed effect of global warming on organisms?
A. Some species of birds and frogs now begin their breeding seasons later in the year.
B. Corals “bleach” when increased water temperatures cause them to expel their symbiotic
algae.
C. Many butterfly populations have shifted their ranges to the north.
D. Many polar bears show signs of starvation as their hunting grounds melt away.
a
Which of the following statements is correct as the ultimate cause for Gulf Coast Beach mice having blond fur?
A. These mice had a gene mutation that produced a light pigment deposited in their fur.
B. Natural selection changed the genes resulting in blond fur.
C. In order to be camouflaged in the beach habitat a gene mutated to produce blond fur.
D. Blond beach mice are camouflaged and less vulnerable to predation in a beach
habitat.
E. Answers A and C.
d
Why do we conclude that human head and pubic lice did not diverge
on a hominin?
A. Human head and pubic lice lineages diverged well before hominins evolved ~6 million years ago.
B. Humans had body hair well after 12 million years ago.
C. The fossil record does not show pubic lice on people that long ago.
D. Pubic lice did not appear until about 100,000 years ago when humans started wearing
clothes.
a
Which of the following is not a requirement of natural selection? A. differential reproductive success B. overproduction of offspring C. geneticvariation D. catastrophic events
d
True or False:
Mitosis takes place in your gametes, whereas meiosis takes place in your somatic cells.
f
True or False:
Introns are noncoding DNA sequences
t
True or False:
An X chromosome is an autosome.
f
True or False:
Alleles are described as alternate versions of a gene.
t
True or False:
Sister chromatids are joined at the telomere.
f
True or False:
Differentiation of the zygote into a multicellular organism results from selective gene expression.
t
True or False:
Skin cells contain information about skin color but not about muscle proteins
f
True or False:
Mutations in DNA can lead to new alleles.
t
True or False:
Sources of energy, including ATP, are needed for translation to occur
t
True or False:
Mutagens are usually not carcinogens.
f
True or False:
RNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine instead of uracil, which is only found in DNA
f
True or False:
The process by which the genotype is expressed as phenotype is known as gene expression
t
True or False:
In an operon the promoter acts as an “on and off” switch.
f
True or False:
In a molecule of DNA the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine.
f
True or False:
The phenotype always shows the recessive allele.
f
True or False:
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes with the potential to become oncogenes.
t
Which of the following cells would likely express the genes that code for hemoglobin? A. white blood cell B. nerve cell C. pancreas cell D. none of these cells
d
All of the following mechanisms are used to regulate protein production except A. protein activation. B. protein breakdown. C. DNA replication. D. the breakdown of mRNA.
c
A woman with type A blood has a child with type O blood. What is the woman’s genotype?
a. IBi
b. IAi
c. Ii
d. IAIA
e. IAIB
b
sentence is most like a frameshift mutation? A. The did dog not eat. B. The dod idn ote at. C. The did not eat. D. The dog did dog did not eat.
b
A young man develops skin cancer that doesn’t spread to any other tissues; the mutation responsible for the cancer arose in a single skin cell. If he and his wife (who does not have skin cancer) subsequently have children. Which of the following statements is most correct?
A. All the man’s children will inherit the mutation responsible for skin cancer.
B. All the man’s children will inherit the mutation responsible for skin cancer if the mutation is dominant.
C. Some of the man’s children may inherit the mutation responsible for skin cancer depending on which of his chromosomes they inherit.
D. None of the man’s children will inherit the mutation responsible for skin cancer.
d
A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______.
A. result in a polypeptide that is one amino acid shorter than the one produced prior to the mutation
B. change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins
C have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene
D result in a shortened polypeptide chain
d
Mature human nerve cells and muscle cells
A become cancerous more easily than other cell types.
B continue to divide throughout their lifetime.
C are permanently in a state of nondivision.
D cease dividing after a predetermined number of cell generations.
c
Which of the following shows the greatest promise as a cancer chemotherapy agent?
A a drug that interferes with cellular respiration
B a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming
C a drug that prevents crossing over
D a drug that prevents tetrad formation
b
Meiosis results in 2^n possible chromosomal combos in humans. How many unique chromosomal combinations are possible for gametes formed by meiosis in humans?
a) 46
b) 2,116
c) 46,604
d) 8,388,608
d
Cystic fibrosis in humans is caused by mutations in a single gene and is inherited as an autosomal (non-sex-chromosome) recessive trait. A normal couple has two children. The first child has cystic fibrosis, and the second child is unaffected. What is the probability that the second child is a carrier (heterozygous) for the mutation that causes the disease? A 1/4 or 25% B 1/2 or 50% C 2/3 or 67% D 3/4 or 75% 1 or 100%
c
Cancer is not usually inherited because
A The chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells
B The causes of cancer are not usually genetic
C People with cancer usually die before reproducing
D The cancerous cells usually interfere with the ability to produce gametes
a
Consider the following sentence, "The dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation? A The dog did not et. B The dog dog did not eat. C The did dog not eat. D The doe did not eat.
d
How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete?
One
two
three
Four
a
The alleles of a gene are found at ________ chromosomes.
a. the same locus on nonhomologous
b. different loci on homologous
c. different loci on nonhomologous
d. the same locus on homologous
d
The chromosome theory of inheritance states that
A chromosomes that exhibit mutations are the source of genetic variation.
B the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for patterns of inheritance.
C the behavior of chromosomes during mitosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
D humans have 46 chromosomes.
b
If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, then the corresponding strand would be A. GCCTAG. B. GCCAUC. C. TAACGT. D. GCCATG.
d
The “one gene-one polypeptide” theory states that
A. the synthesis of each gene is catalyzed by one specific enzyme.
B. the synthesis of each enzyme is catalyzed by one specific gene.
C. the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide.
D. the function of each polypeptide is to regulate the synthesis of each corresponding gene.
c
The term “gene expression” refers to the
A fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes.
B fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes.
C process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.
D flow of information from parent to offspring.
c
