Exam 1 (Chapters 1-7) Flashcards
Ribosomes
Tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
Chromosomes
Carry genes made of DNA
Cytosol
The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
-Cellular components are suspended in it
Eukaryotic Cells
Distinguished by having a membrane enclosed nucleus, which houses most of their DNA and many membrane enclosed organelles that perform specific functions
Prokaryotic Cells
A much simpler cell than an Eukaryote
Plasma Membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Used to study the detail of the internal cell structure
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
used to study detailed architecture of cell surfaces
Electron Microscope
focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface
Cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
Light Microscope
Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through a glass lenses
What is the purpose of a buffer?
The buffer keeps the blood from being too acidic or too basic (adds or takes away an H+)
What do organic compounds contain?
Carbon
What is the function(s) of a polysaccharide?
Storage molecule or structural compound
What makes up polysaccharides?
Monosaccharides
Main difference of starch vs glycogen?
Starch is how plants store energy
Glycogen is how animals store energy
Use of cellulose?
Cellulose forms plant cell walls
Use of chitin?
Used by insects for exoskeleton and found in cell wall of fungi
Function of carbohydrates?
Provide energy (like glucose) Store energy (like starch or glycogen)
What does a Carbohydrate typically include?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Polysaccharides broken down into monosaccharides: What is this process called?
Hydrolysis
Putting 2 things together? (Amino acid + Amino acid = Dipeptide)
Dehydration
3 types of lipids. What are they and list a fact about each?
Fats (fatty acids): Saturated(no double bond) vs unsaturated (has a double bond which causes kink)
Phospholipids: Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail; they are in the plasma membrane
Steroids: 4 fused rings (ex. Cholesterol)
Glucose molecule is to starch as ________ is to triglyceride.
fatty acid
______ are proteins that serve as catalysts to speed up reactions.
Enzymes
Denaturalization
When a protein becomes unraveled under certain circumstances (such as change in temperature or pH change) and loses its functions
How many amino acids are there?
20
Which type of cell doesn’t have a membrane enclosed nucleus?
Prokaryote
________ is responsible for making protein?
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
functions in a variety of metabolic processes (ex. the liver and the digestion of alcohol)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
is a membrane making machine for the cell; phospholipids are made by enzymes of the rough ER
Where is DNA located?
Nucleus
Which type of ER has ribosomes on its surface?
Rough ER
Lysosomes contain…
Digestive Enzymes
True or False:
The plasma membrane forms a selective membrane around the cell
True!
What organelle carries out cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
What is the only type of cell in the body that has a flagella?
Sperm cell
True or False:
Diffusion is when particles spread from areas of less concentration to more concentration
False
Osmosis
Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high
True or False:
Passive transport requires ATP
False
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called?
Osmosis
Aquaporin
channels water passes through during osmosis
If an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it will become…
Lysed (burst)
If a plant’s cells are hypertonic compared to the soil around it, the cell will become…
Turgid
What helps to facilitate diffusion across a membrane (if it is not simple diffusion)?
Transport protein
What type of molecules flow through a cell with simple diffusion?
simple non polar molecules flow
True or False:
Chemical energy is potential energy
True
True or False:
Kinetic energy is energy of motion
true
Energy
Capacity to cause change or do work
What is the most important energy for organisms?
Chemical energy
An exergonic reaction…
releases energy
Ex: cellular respiration
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction it…
Lowers the activation energy of a reaction
Which of the following can move solutes against their concentration gradient?
Active transport
What binds to a site elsewhere on an enzyme to change the shape of its active site?
Noncompetitive inhibitor
Competitive inhibitor
binds to the active site
What is the function of carbohydrates?
to store or provide energy
Sucrose is broken down in your intestine to the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, which are then absorbed into your blood. What is the name of this reaction?
Hydrolysis
Unsaturated fats _______.
Have double bonds in their fatty acid chains
By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?
Unsaturated
A glucose molecule is to a starch molecule as…
A fatty acid is to a triglyceride
The proteins imbedded in the membranes are essential to their function. These membrane proteins have properties that allow them to “float” in the membrane. Which of the following statements describes those properties?
a) The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.
b) The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophillic.
c) The surface region exposed to the outer environment is hydrophobic.
d) The surface region exposed to the interior environment is hydrophobic.
The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.
Which molecules through which pores would have the greatest rate of diffusion?
Light molecules through large pores
Which direction would water move between 2 solutions separated by a membrane permeable to water: a 1% glucose solution and a 5% glucose solution?
From the 1% glucose solution to the 5% glucose solution
Which plant has cells that have a hypertonic solution compared to the soil water?
A: Sad droopy plant
B: Turgid happy plant
B: Turgid happy plant
A plant cell in distilled water will ____; an animal cell in distilled water will _____.
Become turgid……burst
Facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires _______ and moves a solute _______ its concentration gradient.
Transport proteins, down
The sodium concentration in a cell is 10 times less than the concentration in the surrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell?
active transport
Food Calories
are kilocalories; equal to 1,000 calories
True or False:
Entropy increases during an endergonic reaction
False!
Entropy increases during an exergonic reaction and decreases during an endergonic reaction.
The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P…
Stores energy in a form that can drive cellular work
There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell— each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?
The shape of an enzyme’s active site generally fits a specific substrate.
Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the following would “burn off” around a pound of fat, assuming your normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your calorie intake?
running 40 miles
Formula: Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> –> –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat
Glucose + Oxygen –> –> –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat
Redox Reaction
The movement of electrons from one molecule to another
Oxidation
the loss of electrons from one substance
Reduction
the addition of electrons to another substance
A molecule is said to be reduced when…
It gains one or more electrons
A molecule is said to be oxidized when…
it loses one or more electrons
Chemiosmosis
the potential energy of the concentration gradient of H+ across the membrane is used to make ATP
What is one common property of life?
Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, or evolutionary adaptation.
True or False:
The study of life extends from the global scale to the microscopic level of molecules.
True
Required in very small quantities
Trace elements (iron, iodine)
True or False:
An electron has a negative charge while a neutron has a positive charge
False
Have the same number of protons and behave the same way in chemical reactions, but have a different number of neutrons
Isotopes
Atomic number
number of protons
Mass number
number of protons + number of neutrons
True or False:
The outter most shell is called the valance shell
True
The bond between C and H in CH4 is an example of…
Covalent bond (specifically non-polar)
True or false:
Carbon has the ability to bond with up to 6 atoms
False (4)
True or False:
A solvent dissolves in a solute
False
A substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
Acid
True or false:
Dehydration reaction works to link 2 molecules together
True
The storage form of carbohydrates is ____ in animals and ____ in plants
glycogen; starch
Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be…
unsaturated (oil)
A phospholipid is composed of…
1 glycerol molecule, 1 phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids
Glucose molecules are to starch as _____ is to proteins
amino acids
True or False:
Eukaryotic cell contains a membrane enclosed nucleus and prokaryotic cells don’t
True
True or False:
Ribosomes make proteins for the cell and for export
True
What modifies, sorts, and ships cell products?
Golgi bodies
True or False:
Lysosomes modify, sort, and ship cell products
False
Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient?
Active transport
Heating inactivates enzymes by…
Changing the enzyme’s 3-D shape
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction…
It lowers the activation energy
If you consume one gram of the following which will yield the most ATP?
- Protein
- Starch
- Fat
- Carbohydrates
Fat
List the stages of cellular respiration in order
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation
In the ETC what is the final electron acceptor
Oxygen
True or False:
Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons
True
Glycolysis happens in the …
Cytoplasm
Citric Acid Cycle happens in the…
Matrix of the mitochondria
How many ATP produced during glycolysis?
NET of 2; 4 total, but 2 used
How many turns of the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?
2
What are the 4 elements that make up 90% of living matter?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Affect a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions
Functional groups
What are the 6 functional groups?
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate
Methyl – non-polar
What is important about the first 5 functional groups?
They are polar; the sixth is not
What is a macromolecule?
gigantic molecules
Adhesion
Water is attracted to other substances
What happens to the electrons in an ionic bond?
A. Valence electrons from one atom are donated to another atom.
B. Electrons are shared equally between two or more atoms.
C. Electrons are shared unequally between two or more atoms.
D. An atom in one molecule is attracted to a more electronegative atom in another molecule.
A
What is likely to happen to the electrons when a potassium atom bonds with a chlorine atom?
A. Chlorine loses an electron and potassium gains an electron.
B. Potassium and chlorine share electrons.
C. Potassium loses an electron and chlorine
gains an electron.
D. None of the above.
C
Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds?
A. A hydrogen atom donates an electron to another atom.
B. A hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom in one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in an adjacent molecule.
C. A hydrogen atom creates a covalent bond with another atom.
D. A hydrogen atom inherits an electron from another
atom.
B
Life’s hierarchy (most inclusive to least)
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In chloroplasts (specifically in plant leaves)
where do leaves get their green color?
chlorophyll
How does CO2 enter the leaf and O2 exit?
stomata/stoma
Do plant cells have mitochondria?
yes
