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Biology 100 > Exam 1 (Chapters 1-7) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 1-7) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ribosomes

A

Tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Carry genes made of DNA

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3
Q

Cytosol

A

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

-Cellular components are suspended in it

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4
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Distinguished by having a membrane enclosed nucleus, which houses most of their DNA and many membrane enclosed organelles that perform specific functions

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5
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

A much simpler cell than an Eukaryote

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier to the passage of molecules into and out of the cell; consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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7
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A

Used to study the detail of the internal cell structure

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8
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

used to study detailed architecture of cell surfaces

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9
Q

Electron Microscope

A

focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface

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10
Q

Cell theory

A

all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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11
Q

Light Microscope

A

Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through a glass lenses

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a buffer?

A

The buffer keeps the blood from being too acidic or too basic (adds or takes away an H+)

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13
Q

What do organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon

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14
Q

What is the function(s) of a polysaccharide?

A

Storage molecule or structural compound

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15
Q

What makes up polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

Main difference of starch vs glycogen?

A

Starch is how plants store energy

Glycogen is how animals store energy

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17
Q

Use of cellulose?

A

Cellulose forms plant cell walls

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18
Q

Use of chitin?

A

Used by insects for exoskeleton and found in cell wall of fungi

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19
Q

Function of carbohydrates?

A 
Provide energy (like glucose)
Store energy (like starch or glycogen)
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20
Q

What does a Carbohydrate typically include?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

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21
Q

Polysaccharides broken down into monosaccharides: What is this process called?

A

Hydrolysis

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22
Q

Putting 2 things together? (Amino acid + Amino acid = Dipeptide)

A

Dehydration

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23
Q

3 types of lipids. What are they and list a fact about each?

A

Fats (fatty acids): Saturated(no double bond) vs unsaturated (has a double bond which causes kink)
Phospholipids: Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail; they are in the plasma membrane
Steroids: 4 fused rings (ex. Cholesterol)

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24
Q

Glucose molecule is to starch as ________ is to triglyceride.

A

fatty acid

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25
Q

______ are proteins that serve as catalysts to speed up reactions.

A

Enzymes

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26
Q

Denaturalization

A

When a protein becomes unraveled under certain circumstances (such as change in temperature or pH change) and loses its functions

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27
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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28
Q

Which type of cell doesn’t have a membrane enclosed nucleus?

A

Prokaryote

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29
Q

________ is responsible for making protein?

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

functions in a variety of metabolic processes (ex. the liver and the digestion of alcohol)

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31
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

is a membrane making machine for the cell; phospholipids are made by enzymes of the rough ER

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32
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

Which type of ER has ribosomes on its surface?

A

Rough ER

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34
Q

Lysosomes contain…

A

Digestive Enzymes

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35
Q

True or False:

The plasma membrane forms a selective membrane around the cell

A

True!

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36
Q

What organelle carries out cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria

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37
Q

What is the only type of cell in the body that has a flagella?

A

Sperm cell

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38
Q

True or False:

Diffusion is when particles spread from areas of less concentration to more concentration

A

False

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39
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration to high

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40
Q

True or False:

Passive transport requires ATP

A

False

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41
Q

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called?

A

Osmosis

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42
Q

Aquaporin

A

channels water passes through during osmosis

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43
Q

If an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it will become…

A

Lysed (burst)

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44
Q

If a plant’s cells are hypertonic compared to the soil around it, the cell will become…

A

Turgid

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45
Q

What helps to facilitate diffusion across a membrane (if it is not simple diffusion)?

A

Transport protein

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46
Q

What type of molecules flow through a cell with simple diffusion?

A

simple non polar molecules flow

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47
Q

True or False:

Chemical energy is potential energy

A

True

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48
Q

True or False:

Kinetic energy is energy of motion

A

true

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49
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change or do work

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50
Q

What is the most important energy for organisms?

A

Chemical energy

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51
Q

An exergonic reaction…

A

releases energy

Ex: cellular respiration

52
Q

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction it…

A

Lowers the activation energy of a reaction

53
Q

Which of the following can move solutes against their concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

54
Q

What binds to a site elsewhere on an enzyme to change the shape of its active site?

A

Noncompetitive inhibitor

55
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

binds to the active site

56
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

to store or provide energy

57
Q

Sucrose is broken down in your intestine to the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, which are then absorbed into your blood. What is the name of this reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

58
Q

Unsaturated fats _______.

A

Have double bonds in their fatty acid chains

59
Q

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

60
Q

A glucose molecule is to a starch molecule as…

A

A fatty acid is to a triglyceride

61
Q

The proteins imbedded in the membranes are essential to their function. These membrane proteins have properties that allow them to “float” in the membrane. Which of the following statements describes those properties?

a) The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.
b) The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophillic.
c) The surface region exposed to the outer environment is hydrophobic.
d) The surface region exposed to the interior environment is hydrophobic.

A

The surface region of the protein exposed to the interior of the membrane is mostly hydrophobic.

62
Q

Which molecules through which pores would have the greatest rate of diffusion?

A

Light molecules through large pores

63
Q

Which direction would water move between 2 solutions separated by a membrane permeable to water: a 1% glucose solution and a 5% glucose solution?

A

From the 1% glucose solution to the 5% glucose solution

64
Q

Which plant has cells that have a hypertonic solution compared to the soil water?
A: Sad droopy plant
B: Turgid happy plant

A

B: Turgid happy plant

65
Q

A plant cell in distilled water will ____; an animal cell in distilled water will _____.

A

Become turgid……burst

66
Q

Facilitated diffusion across a membrane requires _______ and moves a solute _______ its concentration gradient.

A

Transport proteins, down

67
Q

The sodium concentration in a cell is 10 times less than the concentration in the surrounding fluid. How can the cell move sodium out of the cell?

A

active transport

68
Q

Food Calories

A

are kilocalories; equal to 1,000 calories

69
Q

True or False:

Entropy increases during an endergonic reaction

A

False!

Entropy increases during an exergonic reaction and decreases during an endergonic reaction.

70
Q

The synthesis of ATP from ADP and P…

A

Stores energy in a form that can drive cellular work

71
Q

There are hundreds of different enzymes in a cell— each with a unique three-dimensional shape. Why do cells have so many different enzymes?

A

The shape of an enzyme’s active site generally fits a specific substrate.

72
Q

Fat molecules store 9 kcal/g. There are about 454 g in a pound of fat so that means that one pound of fat stores about 4,000 kcal of energy. Based on the chart of energy consumption, which of the following would “burn off” around a pound of fat, assuming your normal activities consumed calories equal to the rate of your calorie intake?

A

running 40 miles

73
Q

Formula: Cellular Respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> –> –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP + Heat

Glucose + Oxygen –> –> –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + Heat

74
Q

Redox Reaction

A

The movement of electrons from one molecule to another

75
Q

Oxidation

A

the loss of electrons from one substance

76
Q

Reduction

A

the addition of electrons to another substance

77
Q

A molecule is said to be reduced when…

A

It gains one or more electrons

78
Q

A molecule is said to be oxidized when…

A

it loses one or more electrons

79
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

the potential energy of the concentration gradient of H+ across the membrane is used to make ATP

80
Q

What is one common property of life?

A

Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, regulation, response to the environment, or evolutionary adaptation.

81
Q

True or False:

The study of life extends from the global scale to the microscopic level of molecules.

A

True

82
Q

Required in very small quantities

A

Trace elements (iron, iodine)

83
Q

True or False:

An electron has a negative charge while a neutron has a positive charge

A

False

84
Q

Have the same number of protons and behave the same way in chemical reactions, but have a different number of neutrons

A

Isotopes

85
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons

86
Q

Mass number

A

number of protons + number of neutrons

87
Q

True or False:

The outter most shell is called the valance shell

A

True

88
Q

The bond between C and H in CH4 is an example of…

A

Covalent bond (specifically non-polar)

89
Q

True or false:

Carbon has the ability to bond with up to 6 atoms

A

False (4)

90
Q

True or False:

A solvent dissolves in a solute

A

False

91
Q

A substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution

A

Acid

92
Q

True or false:

Dehydration reaction works to link 2 molecules together

A

True

93
Q

The storage form of carbohydrates is ____ in animals and ____ in plants

A

glycogen; starch

94
Q

Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be…

A

unsaturated (oil)

95
Q

A phospholipid is composed of…

A

1 glycerol molecule, 1 phosphate group, and 2 fatty acids

96
Q

Glucose molecules are to starch as _____ is to proteins

A

amino acids

97
Q

True or False:

Eukaryotic cell contains a membrane enclosed nucleus and prokaryotic cells don’t

A

True

98
Q

True or False:

Ribosomes make proteins for the cell and for export

A

True

99
Q

What modifies, sorts, and ships cell products?

A

Golgi bodies

100
Q

True or False:

Lysosomes modify, sort, and ship cell products

A

False

101
Q

Which of the following processes can move a solute against its concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

102
Q

Heating inactivates enzymes by…

A

Changing the enzyme’s 3-D shape

103
Q

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction…

A

It lowers the activation energy

104
Q

If you consume one gram of the following which will yield the most ATP?

  • Protein
  • Starch
  • Fat
  • Carbohydrates
A

Fat

105
Q

List the stages of cellular respiration in order

A

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation

106
Q

In the ETC what is the final electron acceptor

A

Oxygen

107
Q

True or False:

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons

A

True

108
Q

Glycolysis happens in the …

A

Cytoplasm

109
Q

Citric Acid Cycle happens in the…

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

110
Q

How many ATP produced during glycolysis?

A

NET of 2; 4 total, but 2 used

111
Q

How many turns of the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?

A

2

112
Q

What are the 4 elements that make up 90% of living matter?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

113
Q

Affect a molecules function by participating in chemical reactions

A

Functional groups

114
Q

What are the 6 functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

Methyl – non-polar

115
Q

What is important about the first 5 functional groups?

A

They are polar; the sixth is not

116
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

gigantic molecules

117
Q

Adhesion

A

Water is attracted to other substances

118
Q

What happens to the electrons in an ionic bond?
A. Valence electrons from one atom are donated to another atom.
B. Electrons are shared equally between two or more atoms.
C. Electrons are shared unequally between two or more atoms.
D. An atom in one molecule is attracted to a more electronegative atom in another molecule.

A

A

119
Q

What is likely to happen to the electrons when a potassium atom bonds with a chlorine atom?
A. Chlorine loses an electron and potassium gains an electron.
B. Potassium and chlorine share electrons.
C. Potassium loses an electron and chlorine
gains an electron.
D. None of the above.

A

C

120
Q

Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonds?
A. A hydrogen atom donates an electron to another atom.
B. A hydrogen atom attached to an electronegative atom in one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in an adjacent molecule.
C. A hydrogen atom creates a covalent bond with another atom.
D. A hydrogen atom inherits an electron from another
atom.

A

B

121
Q

Life’s hierarchy (most inclusive to least)

A

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

122
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplasts (specifically in plant leaves)

123
Q

where do leaves get their green color?

A

chlorophyll

124
Q

How does CO2 enter the leaf and O2 exit?

A

stomata/stoma

125
Q

Do plant cells have mitochondria?

A

yes

Biology 100 (4 decks)

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