Final exam Flashcards
What unique are on the dairy cow on the first slide
the world map
advantages of dairy farming
low risk
steady income
good use of forages
disadvantages of dairy farming
- labor intensive many hours
- high quality labor
- high equipment investment
- profit dependent on feed and input costs
Who is Babcock
scientist in 1890s
Babcock’s help to dairy industry
create test to tell if milk had been watered down by measuring amount of butterfat of separated milk in 100ml glass
Products of a dairy cow
milk cheese yogurt ice cream meat
what does a dairy cow have to produce in order to produce milk
a calf
male calf future
breeding stock
beef or veal
female calf future
replacement heifer
veal
top dairy states
california, wisconsin, new york, idaho, pennsylvania
why are dairy cows produced in the north
cooler temperatures to increase milk production, more forages of better quality, less pests
Cause of decrease in production in ‘08-‘09
the recession, farms going out of business because of it
why didnt the rate per cow change like the other graphs did in 08-09?
because the rate per cow on farms that remained open was not changed by the fall of other farms
why is fluid milk marketing very regulated, organized and priced
- originates when small dairies prevalent to maintain milk production in spite of economic crisis
- expensive to get into dairy so govt subsidize to protect farmers from market fluctuations
Why has the milk price uncoupled from the subsidized price?
???Fewer smaller farms more large farms who can withstand market fluxuation
Trends for cheese production
increasing
trend for ice cream production
remain constant
why are there more Holstein herds than other breeds
Significantly higher milk yield 19,324 lbs, lower fat percent (3.66%) protein percent (3.20%)
holstein vs other breeds
other breeds have higher protein and fat % but lower milk yield and therefore lower herd #
dairy management goals
- 20000 lbs per year
- calving interval of 13 months
- few health problems
- low calf loss
Difference between free stall system, tie-stalls or stanchions?
stanchion had head grasp
free stall raised bedding area divide cows by production type so fed properly for type
What are the different types of milking parlors
double herringbone parlor, parallel parlor, step up, rotary
what type of parlor is likely to be used on large farms
rotary milking parlor
how often should a cow produce a calf and be rebred
she should produce a cow every 12 months and be rebred within 85 days
why do we allow dairy cows to have a dry period?
to allow her mammary glands to rehabilitate
What happens to a cows body weight at peak production time (2.5 months)?
Her body weight drops drastically and levels out because she is using her stored fat to make milk
Body condition score
subjeuctive evaluation of how fat a cow is
what BCS do cows have at different lactation cycle stages
Calving= 3.5
peak lactation = 2.0
midlactation= 2.5
start of dry period= 3.5
What is a TMR diet
total mixed rations (all rations mixed together)
dairy cow % forgaes
high producing cows: 50
dry cow: 60%
what are two factors that increase water consumption
DM/sodium intake
mean min temp
However, why are approximately 30% of the calves born each year progeny of first-calf heifers? What does that say about longevity in the herd and culling rate?
High culling rate, 30% slaughtered each year, longevity 3 years because how hard pushed to produce
Environmental factors that influence productivity
equipment & housing management & care nutrition disease injury stress
poikilotherms
do not regulate their body temperature well
fish, young animals esp. poultry
homeotherms
all mammals and birds maintain homeostasis
heat produced = heat lost
LCT
Lower critical temperature
temp below which the animal must increase metabolic heat to maintain normal body temperature
UCT
Upper critical temperature
-temp above which animals must work to lower body temp
does a species have a constant TNZ, LCT and UTC at each stage of its life?
It varies at each stage of life but it is not constant throughout their life
what stages of life is the animal most sensitive to high and low temperatures
very old and young animals as well as malnourished and sick animals
4 methods of heat exchange
radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation
radiation
exchange between 2 objects that are not touching
sun or shade or heater
conduction
exchange between two objects that are touching: warm to cold
lying on surface or huddling together
convection
from warm to cooler area by air movement
breeze or fan
evaporation
loss of heat through removal of moisture
ponds misters, rain, snow
short term response to decreasing temperatures
Vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels, piloerection of hairs
- reduce surface area (grouping)
- increase food intake
- seek shelter
- increase physical activity
- seek sun
long term response to decreasing temperatures
increasing body insulation- adipose fat coat thickness
-increasing metabolic rate
long term respose to increase temperatures
decrease body insulation- shedding
short term response to increasing temperatures
vasodilatation of peripheral vessels
increase surface area (stretched position)
increase evaporative cooling (sweating and panting)
reduce feed intake
reduce activity
2 hormones involved in regulating Basal metabolic rate
thyroxine and corticoid steroids (adrenal)
lower both in hot weather
camel heat adaptations
humps of fat lips thick to eat prickly plants nostrils can be closed 2 rows of long eyelashes feed broad and flat with pads
reindeer adaptations
- enlarge nasal turbinate bone to increase surface area- warm & condense
- hooves adapted to season (hard in winter)
- coat has 2 layers
Sustainable animal management
- able to continue in to the future
- lifestyle choices and quality of human life
- economically viable
- environmentally balenced
- animal wellbeing is protected
AFO
animal feed operations not regulated
CAFO
concentrated animal feeding operations
intensive vs extensive sustainable?
Depends on how you frame it, intensive concentrated animal use bring in lots of products send products far, extensive more efficient not as productive but can’t feed world in future
disease
illness or malady that impairs normal body health
infectious disease
cuased by microscopic germs
causes of diseases
viruses prion bacteria fungi protozoa internal and external parasites
which 2 pathogens need a host to reproduce
viruses and prions
infectious disease
defined as something that is capable of causing an infection in the body (bacteria or virus)
tetanus, flu
contagious
infectious agent that may be more readily transmitted from one individual to another
host defenses against pathogens
skin cilia in lungs stomach intestinal antimichrobial secretions commensal microbiota mucosal epithelium immune system
last resort for when pathogen enters blood stream
innate immune system
innate immune system
-fast acting component of immune system
-cause inflammation
complement system and leukocytes
adaptive immune system
immunological memory
slower acting component
active immunity
produced by the animals body
passive immunity
acquired by colostrum or by injection
types of leukocytes
phagocytic cells
mast cells
basophils
natural killer cells
types of lymphocytes
b cells produce antibodies
t cells kill infected cells or send signals to regulate both immune systems
mechanisms of microbes entering hosts
- secrete enzymes to overcome physical barriers
- hide within host cells to avoid immune responses
- secrete compound to alter host response
- form biofilms which protect from immune cells
- change surface molecules that immune cells recognize
- secrete enzymes to destroy immune cells
hygiene hypothesis
Western society too clean and newborns have no exposure to disease causing organisms and have no tolerance against pathogens
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
-ensure health care of animals and plants
low vs high pathogenicity
high: get sick with only a small amount of pathogen cells
low: need alot of cells to cause illness
Zoonotic diseases
any infectious disease that can be transmitted by from non-human animals to humans or from humans to nonhumans
nutritional diseases
low level of a nutrient
impaired absorption
abnormal requirement for a nutrient
metabolic diseases
obesity and diabetes, intestinal diseases, ketosis in dairy cows mobilizing too much fat right after parturition
biggest problem facing humans
food and water insecurity
cause physical and mental retardation in children
can lead to wars and riots
irish potato famine
poor rely on one food source which they sold to other nations while poor starved.
food desert
describes a location that has limited access to healthful nutritious food in low income neighborhoods
% of people below poverty line
14.8 percent
% have very low food security
5.6%
overproduced commodity crops
corn wheat and soy
how subsidized foods from us affect local security in other countries
large influx of commodity crops in other countries means local farmers cannot compete with cheaper crops
causes of food waste
food production
Processing and distribution
retail
food services and households
north american food waste cause
consumption
subsaharan africa, asia and latin america cause of waste
production and handling and storage
