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Vertebrate Zoology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What groups are amniotes?

A

Reptiles and mammals

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2
Q

What groups are non-amniotes?

A

Fish and amphibians

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3
Q

What is the importance of the amniotic egg?

A

Allowed for reproduction independent of water

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4
Q

What are the different extraembryonic membranes?

A

Yolk sac - secretes enzymes to digest yolk
Amnion - keeps embryo suspended
Chorian - Surrounds everything in the egg
Allatnois - wastebucket of the egg

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5
Q

What is parsimony?

A

Fewest evolutionary steps

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6
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Similar structures that arose seperately

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7
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures that arose separately from convergent evolution

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8
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Shared structures that were passed down from an ancestor

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9
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

Second opening of embryo becomes the mouth during development

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10
Q

What are protostomes?

A

First opening of embryo becomes the mouth during development

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11
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of chordates?

A 
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits or pouches
Dorsal hollow nervous system
Post anal tail
Endostyle or thyroid gland
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12
Q

What are the different non-vertebrate chordate subphylums?

A

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

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13
Q

What are urochordatas?

A

Tunicates

Tail is present in larva for locomotion

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14
Q

What are cephalochordates?

A

Amphioxus and Lancelets

Notochord extends to the head to provide stability

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15
Q

What does it mean to be pelagic?

A

Live in open ocean

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16
Q

What does “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” mean?

A

Developmental changes give great insight into phylogeny

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17
Q

What are mesentaries?

A

Sheets of peritoneum that suspend the gut in the peritoneal cavity in coelomates
Connects arteries, veins and nerves to the intestine

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18
Q

What is dermal bone?

A

More primitive, formed in the skin

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19
Q

What is endochndrial bone?

A

Formed inside the cartilage

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20
Q

What are the possible reasons for bone evolution?

A

Protection
Shield of electroreceptors in the head
Stores and regulates calcium and phosphorus

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21
Q

What are agnathans?

A

Lack jaws

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22
Q

What is the extant group of agnathans?

A

Cyclostomes

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23
Q

What orders make up the group cyclostomes?

A

Myxinodea - hagfish

Petromyzontia - lamprey

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24
Q

What does it mean to be anadromous?

A

Live in lakes or oceans and bread in streams

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25
Q

What was the importance of fin evolution?

A

Bring stability to a streamlined body
Pectoral fins help maintain depth
Resists roll, pitch and yaw

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26
Q

What is an estuary?

A

Meeting of salt water and fresh water

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27
Q

What are the two theories of fin evolution?

A

Gill arch theory

Fin-fold theory

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28
Q

What is the Gill arch theory?

A

Part of the gill arch began to expand and become fin

Doesn’t explain pelvic girdle and fin

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29
Q

What is the fin-fold theory?

A

Skin folds arose around the lateral lines and eventually split into two fins

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30
Q

What is a spiracle?

A

Modified gill

Allows oxygenated water to be brought in from top of head

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31
Q

What is a heterocercal tail?

A

Top half of the tail is larger than the bottom

Helps lift the posterior of the body

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32
Q

What did jaws originate from?

A

First gill arch

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33
Q

Why did jaws evolve?

A

Help in forceful ventilation

As organisms became larger they needed more oxygen, beginning of jaws allowed for suction

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34
Q

What are the challenges of living in water?

A

Water is more viscous than air
Much less Oxygen
Temperature fluctuates less

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35
Q

What are the benefits to living in water?

A

Neutral bouyancy
Can grow large with little regard to gravity
Good electrical conductor

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36
Q

What is ram ventilation?

A

Swimming with mouth open to bring water in

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37
Q

What is buccal pumping?

A

Bringing water in through the mouth and out through the gills

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38
Q

What is an operculum?

A

Covering of gill slits

Protects sensitive tissue

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39
Q

What is thermo countercurrent exchange?

A

Arteries run close to veins so the arteries can warm up the blood as they pass each other

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40
Q

What is repiratory countercurrent exchange?

A

Blood flows opposite of water in the gills, as water passes, oxygen diffuses from water into the blood

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41
Q

What is facultative air breathing?

A

Breathing air is not required

Used when Oxygen levels are low

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42
Q

What is obligatory air breathing?

A

Must breath air

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43
Q

How do fish adjust bouyancy?

A

Lungs can be used as swim bladder

Sharks use liver for bouyancy, up to 25% of BW

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44
Q

What is physostomous?

A

Gas is added from gut

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45
Q

What is physoclitous?

A

Gas is added from blood

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46
Q

What is the lateral line system?

A

Surface receptor system that goes from the head to the tail along the side of fish and amphibians

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47
Q

What does it mean to be isomolal?

A

Osmolarity inside and outside fish are the same

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48
Q

What does it mean to be hyposmolal?

A

Lower osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside

Bony fish

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49
Q

What does it mean to be hyperosmolal?

A

Higher osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside

Sharks

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50
Q

What does it mean to be a stenohaline?

A

Narrow salinity tolerance

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51
Q

What does it mean to be a euryhaline?

A

Wide salinity tolerance

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52
Q

What does ammonotelism mean?

A

Direct excretion of ammonia

Vertebrates in aqueous medium

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53
Q

What does ureotelism mean?

A

Excretion in the form of urea

Done in mammals

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54
Q

What does uricotelism mean?

A

Nitrogen is excreted in form of uric acid

Reptiles and birds

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55
Q

How does temperature effect organisms?

A

Higher temperatures mean a higher metabolism

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56
Q

What is Q10?

A

Change is rate over a change in temperature by 10C

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57
Q

What is standard metabolic rate?

A

Minimum rate of oxygen consumption needed to sustain life

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58
Q

What are ectotherm?

A

Heat is gained from external source

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59
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Heat is produced by internal factors

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60
Q

What is regional heterothermy?

A

Different parts of the body are kept at different temperatures

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61
Q

What is the main filtration organ of the nephron?

A

Glomerulus

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62
Q

What are the reasons that viviparity would have evolved?

A

Increased predation on eggs and reduced hatching success due to temperature and moisture

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63
Q

What are the steps needed for viviparity to evolve?

A

Increased egg retention
Decrease thickness of egg shell to allow gas exchange in body
Increase vascularization to uterus

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64
Q

What are claspers?

A

Male mating structures of sharks

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65
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Giving birth to live young

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66
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Give birth by laying eggs

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67
Q

What is lecithotrophic?

A

Nutrients come from the yolk inside the egg

One lump sum

68
Q

What is matrotrophic?

A

Nutrients come as you need them

69
Q

What are placoid scales?

A

Bony spikey scales covered in an enamel like covering on shark

70
Q

What is gestation?

A

Pregnancy

71
Q

What is parturition?

A

The act of giving live birth

72
Q

What is oviposition?

A

The act of laying eggs

73
Q

What are hyolistic jaws?

A

Upper jaw is freely suspended,

can move

74
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Egg is released from the ovary

75
Q

What does it mean to be catadromous?

A

Lives in fresh water and spawns in marine water

76
Q

What are the benefits of pelagic spawning?

A

Reduced predation from adults in the parental habitat
Dispersal of offspring
Higher productivity in sunlit surface of open waters

77
Q

What are protrusible jaws?

A

Specialized jaws that are used for suction feeding

Both top and bottom jaw move

78
Q

What are the challenges to terrestrial living?

A 
Locomotion
Eating
Reproduction
Sensory systems 
Water conservation
Body temperature control
79
Q

Why is locomotion a challenge on land?

A

Organisms need to support themselves in order to move

80
Q

What are the axial system adaptations that terrestrial organisms have?

A

Zygapophyses
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae

81
Q

What are the appendicular adaptations that allow for locomotion?

A

Limbs and girdles

82
Q

What is the challenge of eating on land?

A

Terrestrial animals have to use their teeth, jaws, tongues and cheeks to manipulate food
Can no longer use suction

83
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Lubricates food, dissolves surface chemicals for taste, enzymes and venom

84
Q

What is the function of the tongue?

A

Manipulate food and move it towards pharynx

85
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

Inner ear hearing organ

86
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

Gas exchange through the skin

87
Q

What are proprioreceptors?

A

Sensory receptors that give information regarding position and movement

88
Q

What is a vomernasal organ?

A

Jacobson’s organ
An olfactory organ
Chemicals are brought in by the tongue and wiped against it

89
Q

What are the four ways of heat exchange?

A

Evaporation - sweat draws heat from skin to evaporate
Conduction - two solid surfaces touch and exchange heat
Convection - air collects heat, rises, loses it, then falls
Radiation - radiant heat

90
Q

What are the benefits to being an ectotherm?

A

Can occupy enviornments with less food resources

Less metabolically costly

91
Q

What are the cons of ectothermy?

A

Limited to certain enviornments, times of day and times of year

92
Q

What are the pros of endothermy?

A

Can live in colder environments

Can be active at night

93
Q

What are the cons of endothermy?

A

Highly metabolically costly

94
Q

What are the hypothesized reasons that transition to land occured?

A

Searching for food
Dispersal of juveniles
Laying eggs in moist environments - less predation
Basking in sun to raise metabolism

95
Q

What are the three types of temporal fenestrations?

A

Anapsids - no opening (turtles and primitive amniotes)
Synapsid - one opening (mammals)
Diapsids - two openings (reptiles and birds)

96
Q

What is the hypothesis for why temporal fenestrations exist?

A

More muscles and muscle attachments allow for better chewing of food

97
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

Adult retains juvenille characteristics

98
Q

What are the three main groups of amphibians?

A

Anurans - frogs and toads
Urodeles or caudates - salamanders
Gymnophonians - caecilians

99
Q

What is the adaptive significance of having different larval and adult stages?

A

Occupy different niches

Less competition for food

100
Q

What are the causes of amphibian population decline?

A

Global warming
Habitat loss
UV radiation
Diseases

101
Q

What are the challenges of breathing for turtles?

A

Turtles can not expand their thoracic cavity

102
Q

How do turtles overcome their challenge of breathing?

A

They create positive and negative pressure, abdominal muscles constrict and contract which pushes the visceral organs towards diaphragm

103
Q

What are the top and the bottom pieces of a turtle shell called?

A

Top - carapace

Bottom - plastron

104
Q

What are the two groups that make up Lepidosaurs?

A

Sphenodontidae

Squamates

105
Q

What is the group sphenodontidae comprised of?

A

Tuatara

106
Q

What suborders make up squamates?

A

Inguania

Scleroglossans

107
Q

What is a characteristic of the inguania suborder?

A

Muscular tongues

108
Q

What is a characteristic of the scleroglossan suborder?

A

Hard tongues

109
Q

What makes up scleroglossans?

A

Geckos and skinks
Amphisbaenians
Serpentes

110
Q

What are amphisbaenians?

A

Burrowing lizards and legless lizards

111
Q

What does it mean to be fossorial?

A

Have adaptations that aid in digging and burrowing

112
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Virgin birth

Female produces diploid eggs

113
Q

Why are birds thought to be closely related to crocodiles?

A

Oviparous
Parental care
Vocalization between hatchlings and parent
Adult vocalization during courtship and territorial displays

114
Q

What were the earliest evidence of feathers?

A

Single hollow feathers

115
Q

What were the functions of early feathers?

A

Sensory
Insulation
Social interactions

116
Q

What were the two theories for origin of flight?

A

Arboreal

Terrestrial

117
Q

What is the arboreal theory of flight?

A

From trees down

Tree climbers jumping from tree to tree and eventually gliding

118
Q

What is the terrestrial theory of flight?

A

From ground up
Bipedal runners used wings to lighten the load while running
Flapping of wings helped in horizontal jumping after prey

119
Q

What is the importance of the archeopteryx?

A

Earliest known bird with flight feathers

120
Q

What is specific dynamic action (SDA)?

A

Heat production as a result of increased metabolic rate as a response to feeding

121
Q

What are the heat producing and conserving mechanisms that endotherms use?

A

Specific dynamic action
Skeletal muscles produce heat
Hair and feathers

122
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone?

A

Range of temperatures where metabolism can remain relatively constant to maintain that temp

123
Q

What is zone of tolerance?

A

Range of environmental temperatures where the body temp can be kept stable

124
Q

What are the different types of feathers?

A 
Contour
Semiplumes
Down
Bristles
Filoplumes
125
Q

What is the function of contour feathers?

A

Body and flight feathers

126
Q

What is the function of semiplume feathers?

A

Below contour feathers

Provide thermal insulation

127
Q

What is the function of down feathers?

A

Provide insulation

128
Q

What is the function of bristle feathers?

A

Tectile sensation
Filter out particles from nostrils and eyes
Base of bill, around eyes

129
Q

What is the function of filoplumes?

A

Sensory structures

130
Q

What is the adaptive significance of having bright feathers?

A

Indicate good nutrition
Resistance to parasites
Ability to avoid predators

131
Q

What is monogamy?

A

Only one mate

132
Q

What is polygamy?

A

More than one mate in a breeding season

133
Q

What is polygyny?

A

One male mates with multiple females

134
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mates with multiple mates

135
Q

How is cheating beneficial to both sexes?

A

Increases fitness of its offspring by mating with better genetics
Offspring with increased variability

136
Q

How does cheating benefit males?

A

More offspring
Other males care for his offspring
Increased reproductive success by spreading eggs over multiple nests

137
Q

How does cheating benefit females?

A

Reduce risk that some eggs may not be fertilized
Sexy son hypothesis
Quasi nest parasitism

138
Q

What is the sexy sons hypothesis?

A

Mating with more attractive males will mean your sons will be more attractive and be able to mate more

139
Q

What does it mean to be precocial?

A

Young hatch feathered and self sufficient

Wood ducks

140
Q

What does it mean to be altricial?

A

Young hatch naked and dependent on parents for food and thermoregulation

141
Q

What is heterogametic sex chromosomes?

A

Males have two of the same chromosomes (ZZ)

142
Q

Why has viviparity not evolved

A

Since birds are warm blooded they can keep the eggs warm with their bodies or the environment

143
Q

What are the possible benefits of lactation?

A

Milk provides nutrients and early immune

Milk has antimicrobial protperties

144
Q

What are the possible origins of lactation?

A

Modified sweat glands
Secretion arose as an immune response
Secretion covered the newly hatched young
Increase in secretion amount and nutrients benefit young if ingested

145
Q

What does it mean to be diphyodont?

A

Two sets of teeth

146
Q

What is pinna?

A

External ear

147
Q

What does it mean to show heterdont?

A

Teeth show variation

148
Q

What are the skeletal modifications and their relation to metabolic rate?

A

Larger temporal fenestra
Zygomatic arch - indicates presence of masseter
Specialized teeth
Development of a secondary palate - seperates mouth from nose for breathing
Position of limbs - greater movement

149
Q

What are the different groups of mammals?

A

Monotremes
Placentals
Marsupials

150
Q

What are the different families in monotremes?

A

Ornithorhynchidae - platypus

Tachyglossidae - echidna

151
Q

What are the different families in marsupials?

A

Amaridelphia - opossums

Australidelphia - Tasmanian wolf, wombats

152
Q

What are the different families in placentals?

A 
Sirenia - manatees
Proboscidea - elephants
Lagomorpha - rabbits, hares, pikas
Rodentia - rats
Primates
Chiroptera - bats
Carnivora
Cetacea - dolphins and whales
Perissodactyla
Artiodactlya
153
Q

What are preissodactlya?

A

Odd toed ungulates

Horses, rhinos and tapir

154
Q

What are artiodactyla?

A

Even toed ungulates

Hippo, camels, deer, giraffe

155
Q

What are the benefits to the pouch?

A

Offspring can gas exchange on its own

You can bale on offspring at any point for your own benefit

156
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

Extraembryonic tissue that helps transfer nutrients from the uterus

157
Q

What is the reproductive difference of monotemes?

A

Seperate oviducts and uterus

They are lateral to the bladder

158
Q

What is the reproductive process of monotremes?

A

Eggs are retained and nourished for some time before the leathery shell is secreted
Lay eggs 1-2 eggs and hatch after a short period

159
Q

What are hindguy ferementers?

A

Perissodactyls
Have a larger cecum where microbes are kept to breakdown cellulose
Do corpophagy

160
Q

What is corpophagy?

A

Eating your feces to better extract nutrients, done because cellulose is broken down in large intestine, not small intestine

161
Q

What are foregut ferementers?

A

Cows
Fermentation occurs in the rumen and the reticulum
Regurgitated and rechewed multiple times

162
Q

What are the four chambers of the stomach?

A

Rumen
Ruticulum
Omassum
Abosmasum

163
Q

What are the pros of foregut fermenters?

A

Microorganisms do upfront work of nutrient breakdown

Detoxify plant toxins

164
Q

What are the cons of foregut fermenters?

A

Slower

165
Q

What are the pros of hindgut fermenters?

A

Recieves nutrients immediately

Faster processing time

166
Q

What are the cons of hindgut fermenters?

A

Must chew the food more

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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