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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are amniotes?

A

Eggs and embryos surrounded by membranes from mother and offspring
Reptiles and Mammals

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2
Q

What are non-amniotes?

A

Embryos are enclosed by membrane produced by mother

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3
Q

What are the major non-amniotic groups?

A

Agnathans
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibians

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4
Q

What are the four extraembryonic membranes?

A

Yolk Sac
Amnion
Chorian
Allantois

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5
Q

What is the importance of the amniotic egg?

A

Allows species to be independent from water during reproduction

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6
Q

What is the importance of the yolk sac?

A

Secretes enzymes that digest the yolk

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7
Q

What is the importance of the amnion?

A

Keeps the body suspended

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8
Q

What is the importance of the chorian?

A

Surrounds everything in the egg

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9
Q

What is the importance of the allantois?

A

Waste bucket of the cell

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10
Q

What does the group agnathans consist of?

A

Hagfish and Lamprey

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11
Q

What does the group chondrichthyes consist of?

A

Sharks, rays and ratfish

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12
Q

What does the group osteichthyes consist of?

A

Sarcopterygians - lobed finned

Actinopterygians - ray finned

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13
Q

What are the three groups that make up amphibians?

A

Caudata - Salamanders
Anura - frogs
Gymnophiona - caecillians

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14
Q

What groups make up the saurapsids?

A

Testudinia - turtles
Lepidosaura - Turtles, lizards and snakes
Crocodilia
Aves

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15
Q

What groups make up synapsids?

A

Prototheria - monotromes
Metatherians - Marsupials
Eutherians - Placentals

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16
Q

What is a clade?

A

An evolutionary lineage

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17
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

Shared derived characteristics

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18
Q

What are pleisomorphies?

A

Shared ancestral characters

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19
Q

What are apomorphies?

A

An evolutionary trait that is unique to a particular species and all it’s descendants

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20
Q

What is parallel evolution?

A

Similar survival tactics lead to similar traits

Monarch butterfly and viceroy

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21
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Two species evolve similar traits separately

May have given rise to analogous structures

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22
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Similar structures that arose seperatley

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23
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Shared structures that were passed down from an ancestor

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24
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

Blastopore becomes the anus

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25
Q

What are protostomes?

A

Blastopore becomes the mouth

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26
Q

What are the five characteristics of all chordates?

A 
Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve chord
Post anal tail
Pharyngeal pouches or slits
Endostyle or throid gland
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27
Q

What are the three germ layers and what do they become in adult life?

A

Endoderm - lining of internal organs
Mesoderm - form muscles
Ectoderm - nervous system, epidermis, and mucus membrane

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28
Q

What are the nonvertebrate chordates?

A

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

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29
Q

What does pelagic mean?

A

Live in the open ocean

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30
Q

What is special about the subphylum urochordata?

A

Tunicates or sea squirts
Mobile larva with sedentary adults
Use pharyngeal slits for filter feeding

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31
Q

What is in the subphylum cephalochordata?

A 
Amphioxus and Lancelets
Notochord extends full length of body
Myomeres allow contraction and swimming motion
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion
Gill slits used for filter feeding
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32
Q

What is the neural crest?

A

Possibly a fourth germ layer

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33
Q

What will neural crest cells become?

A

Melanocytes
Craniofacial cartilage and bones
Smooth muscle
Peripheral and enteric neurons

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34
Q

What is the theory of Recapitulation?

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Developmental changes give great insight into phylogeny

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35
Q

What are mesentaries?

A

Sheets of peritoneum that suspend the gut in the peritoneal cavity in coelomates
Connects arteries, veins and nerves to the intestine

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36
Q

What is the pleuroperitoneal cavity?

A

Cavity surrounding the lungs and visceral organs

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37
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

Cavity surrounding the heart

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38
Q

What are somites?

A

Segmental bulges on the dorsal side of the mesoderm

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39
Q

What do somites become?

A 
Dermis of the skin
Striated skeletal muscle
Parts of the skull
Ribs
Vertebral column
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40
Q

What are the three skin layers?

A

Epidermis - outer layer
Dermis - collagen fibers, blood vessels, and sensory organs
Hypodermis - subcutaneous fat

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41
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

Compound of calcium and phosphorus

More resistant to acid than calcite

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42
Q

What is dermal bone?

A

More primitive, formed in the skin

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43
Q

What is endochondrial bone?

A

Formed inside cartilage

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44
Q

What is similar to enamel but found in cartilaginous fish?

A

Enameloid

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45
Q

What anchors teeth to sockets?

A

Cementum

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46
Q

What are the three divisions of the cranium?

A

Splanchnocranium
Chondrocranium
Dermatocranium

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47
Q

What is the splanchonocranium?

A

Visceral cranium
Contributes to jaws
Attachment for respiratory muscles
Originally supported pharyngeal slits in protochords

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48
Q

What is the chondrocranium?

A

Base of skull

Underlies and support brain

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49
Q

What is the dermatocranium?

A

Top casing of the skull

Bones of upper jaw, palates and opercular bones

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50
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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51
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system responsible for?

A

Communication between CNS and rest of body

52
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A

Sensory and motor division

53
Q

What is the motor division divided into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

54
Q

What is the autonomic system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

55
Q

What were some of the possible reasons for the evolution of bone?

A

Protection
Shield of electroreceptors in the head
Stores and regulates calcium and phosphorus

56
Q

What were the first vertebrates to have bone fragments?

A

Ostracoderms

57
Q

What does the group agnathans consist of?

A

Ostracoderms (Extinct)

Cyclostomes

58
Q

What makes up the cyclostomes?

A

Myxinoidea - Hagfish

Petromyzontiformes - Lamprey

59
Q

What is unique about the hagfish circulatory system?

A

Anueral accessory hearts

Different hearts for different body regions

60
Q

What is anadromous?

A

Live in lakes and oceans

Breed in streams

61
Q

What are ammocoetes?

A

Larva of lamprey

62
Q

What is special about lamprey ventilation?

A

It is tidal ventilation rather than flow through

63
Q

What are estuaries?

A

Meeting of salt water and fresh water

64
Q

What are myomeres?

A

Muscle subunits

65
Q

What is a spiracle?

A

Modified gill

Allow it to bring oxygenated water in from the top of its body

66
Q

What is the importance of fins?

A

Resist roll, pitch and yaw
Bring stability to streamlined body
Help maintain depth

67
Q

What is a deterocercal tail?

A

The top half of the tail is larger than the bottom

This helps lift the posterior of the body

68
Q

What is the difference between agnathans and gnathostomes?

A

Agnathans - jawless

Gnathostomes - jawed fish

69
Q

What are the two theories for fin evolution?

A

Gill arch theory

Fin fold theory

70
Q

What is the gill arch theory of fin evolution?

A

Part of the gill arch began to expand and became fin

Problem: doesn’t explain pelvic and girdle fin

71
Q

What is the fin fold theory of fin evolution?

A

Skin fold arose around the lateral lines and eventually split into two fins

72
Q

What do jaws originate from?

A

First gill arch

73
Q

Why did jaws evolve?

A

Help in forceful ventilation

As organisms became larger they needed more oxygen, beginning of jaws allowed for suction

74
Q

What were placoderms?

A

Had plate like skin
Like ostracoderms but with jaws
Nerves lack myelin sheath
Most primitive gnathostome

75
Q

What are the benefits of living in water?

A

Neutral bouyancy
Can grow large with little regard to gravity
Good electrical conductor

76
Q

What are the challenges of living of water?

A

18X more viscous than air
Much less oxygen
Temperature fluctuates less

77
Q

What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

A

Ventilation - moving the medium

Respiration - Actual gas exchange that occurs

78
Q

What is ram ventilation?

A

Swimming with mouth open

79
Q

What is buccal pumping?

A

Bringing water in through the mouth and out through the gills

80
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Covering of the gill slits

81
Q

What is respiratory counter current exchange?

A

Blood flows opposite water in the gills, as water goes past, oxygen diffuses from water to blood

82
Q

What is facultative air breathing?

A

Not required

Used when O2 levels drop

83
Q

What is obligatory air breathing?

A

Must breath air

84
Q

How do fish adjust buoyancy?

A

Lungs can be used as swim bladder
5% of BW in salt water
6% of BW in fresh water
Sharks use liver, which can be up to 25% BW

85
Q

What is physostomous?

A

Gas added from the gut

86
Q

What is physoclitous?

A

Gas added from the blood

87
Q

What are the two terms for where gas is added from to adjust bouyancy?

A

Physostomous

Physoclitous

88
Q

How is the vision of fish different from that of terrestrial organisms?

A

Fish move their lens back and forth to focus

Terrestrial organisms adjust the shape of the lens

89
Q

Where do fish have taste buds?

A

Mouth, around head and anterior fins

90
Q

What are the mechanical receptor senses that fish have?

A

Inner ear - detects change in speed and direction

Neuromast - organ of later line system, detects vibrations

91
Q

What are ampullae of lorenzini?

A

Electroreceptors in sharks and rays

Allows for electrolocation

92
Q

What is electrolocation?

A

Use of high frequency electrical discharging to sense surroundings

93
Q

What is the lateral line system?

A

Surface receptor system that goes from the head to the tail along the side of fish and amphibians

94
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Functioning unit of the urinary system

Removes excess water, salts and metabolic wastes

95
Q

What is a glomerulus?

A

Main filtration organ of the nephron

96
Q

What does it mean to be osmotic?

A

Osmolarity inside and outside fish are the same

97
Q

What does it mean to be hyposmolal?

A

Lower osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside

Bony fish

98
Q

What does it mean to be hyperosmolal?

A

Higher osmolarity inside the animal relative to outside

Sharks

99
Q

What does it mean to be stenohaline?

A

Narrow salinity tolerance

100
Q

What does it mean to be euryhaline?

A

Wide salinity tolerance

101
Q

What does it mean to be ammonotelism?

A

Direct secretion of ammonia

Vertebrates in aqueous medium

102
Q

What does it mean to be ureotelism?

A

Excretion of nitrogen in the form of urea

Done in mammals

103
Q

What is uricotelism?

A

Nitrogen excreted in form of uric acid
Insoluble in water
Reptiles and birds

104
Q

How does temperature effect organisms?

A

Higher temperatures means a higher metabolism

Lower temperatures means a lower metabolism

105
Q

What does it mean to be an endotherm?

A

Warm blooded, produce their own heat

106
Q

What is Q10?

A

Change in rate over a change in temperature by 10C

107
Q

What is standard metabolic rate?

A

Minimum rate of oxygen consumption needed to sustain life

108
Q

What are poikilotherms?

A

Animals with variable body temperatures

109
Q

What does it mean to be an ectotherm?

A

Cold blooded, require the environment for their heat source

110
Q

What does it mean to be a regional heterothermy?

A

Different parts of the body are kept at different temperatures

111
Q

What are the reasons that would have led to the evolution of viviparity?

A

Increased predation on eggs and reduced hatching success due to temperature and moisture

112
Q

What are the steps needed for viviparity to evolve?

A

Increased egg retention
Decrease thickness of egg shell to allow gas exchange in body
Increase vascularization to uterus

113
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Live birth

114
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Laying eggs

115
Q

What is lecithotrophic?

A

Nutrients come from the yolk inside the egg

All nutrients are given at one time

116
Q

What is matrotrophic?

A

Nutrients come as you need them

117
Q

What is gestation?

A

Pregnancy

118
Q

What is parturition?

A

The act of giving live birth

119
Q

What is oviposition?

A

The act of laying eggs

120
Q

What is special about shark eggs?

A

They are specially designed to anchor them

121
Q

What are claspers?

A

Male reproductive organ of sharks

122
Q

How do sharks give birth?

A

Some give live birth while others lay eggs

123
Q

What are the two main groups of chondrichthyes?

A

Noselachi - Multiple gill openings

Holocephali - Single gill opening

124
Q

What is unique about shark teeth?

A

They are constantly replacing themselves with a “conveyor belt” of teeth

125
Q

What are placoid scales?

A

Bony spikey scales covered in an enamel like covering on shark

126
Q

What are hyolistic jaws?

A

Upper jaw is freely suspended, can move

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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