Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the challenges to terrestrial living?
Locomotion Eating Reproduction Breathing air Sensory systems in air Water conservation Body temperature control
Why is locomotion a challenge on land?
Organisms need to support themselves in order to move
What are the axial system adaptations that terrestrial organisms have?
Zygapophyses
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
What is the function of zygapophses?
Interlock vertebrae
Resist twisting
What is the function of cervical vertebrae?
Allows neck to turn
What is the function of sacral vertebrae?
Fused to form pelvic girdles
What are the appendicular adaptations that allow for locomotion?
Limbs and girdles
What is the challenge of eating on land?
Terrestrial animals have to use their teeth, jaws, tongues and cheeks to manipulate food
Can no longer use suction
What is the function if the tongue?
Manipulate food and move it towards pharynx
What is the function of salivary glands?
Lubricates food, dissolves surface chemicals for taste, enzymes and venom
What is the chemical that breaks down starch?
Salivary amylase
What are the main groups of bony fish?
Sarcopterygii - lobe finned fish
Actinopterygii - ray finned fish
What are the two main groups that make up sarcopterygii?
Dipnoi - lungfish
Actinistia - coelacanths
What are the causes for the diversity of actinopterygii?
Allopatric speciation
Ecological/sympatric speciation
What is allopatric speciation?
Physical barrier between two populations causes speciation
What is sympatric speciation?
Occurs without seperation
May be caused by sexual selection or habits
What are protrusible jaws?
Specialized jaws that are used for suction feeding
Both top and bottom jaws move
What are the classes of fish that make up the group Actinopterygii?
Polypteriformes
Acipenseriforms
Lepisosteiroformes
Amminformes
What are polypteriformes?
Birchir and reedfish
What are acipenseriforms?
Paddlefish and sturgeon
What are lepisosteiroformes?
Gars
What are ammiformes?
Bowfin fish
What does it mean to be catadromous?
Live in fresh water and spawn in marine water
What are the three classes that make up teleosteans?
Elopomorpha
Clupeomorpha
Euteleosti
What are elopomorpha?
Tarpon, bonefish and eels
What are clupeomorpha comprised of?
Herrings, shad, sardines and anchovies
What are euteleosti?
New bony fish
Piranhas, minnows and catfish
What is the weberian apparatus?
Connects swim bladder to the inner ear
What are the benefits for pelagic spawning?
Reduced predation from adults in the parental habitat
Dispersal of offspring
Higher productivity in sunlit surface of open waters
How do non-amniotes breath?
Use buccal pumping (positive pressure)
What are haversian systems?
Functional unit that forms bone
How do non -amniotes breath?
Used negative pressure ventilation
Expansion of the rib cage and abdominal cavity
What it buccal pumping?
Air is brought into the mouth, the cheeks are then compressed to force the air down into the lungs
What is the larynx?
Unique to amniotes
Allows for esophagous and trachea to be routed seperately
What is double circulation?
Veins carry only deoxygenated blood while arteries carry oxygenated blood
Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate
What is cutaneous respiration?
Gas exchange through the skin
How is the amphibian circulatory system different?
Pulmonary artery branches and also goes to the skin so cutaneous respiration can occur
What is the organ of corti?
Inner ear hearing organ
What is the adaptive significance of a urinary bladder?
Lets the organism control when they release urine
A constant release would give away location which is a negative for both predatory and prey animals
What is a vomernasal organ?
Jacobson’s organ
An olfactory organ
Chemicals are brought in by the tongue and wiped against it
What are proprioceptors?
Sensory receptors that give information regarding position and movement
How is water conserved in dry environments?
Keratinized epidermal cells
Kidney modification reduces water loss
What are the four ways that heat can be exchanged with the environment?
Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
How is heat transferred in evaporation?
Sweat draws heat from your skin in order to evaporate
How is heat transferred in conduction?
Two solid surfaces touch and exchange heat
How is heat transferred in convection?
Air collects heat and rises, it releases this heat and falls back down to collect more heat
What is the function of an egg shell?
Prevents dehydration
Keeps egg intact
Protection
What are the pros to endothermy?
Can live in colder environments
Can be active at night
What are the cons of endothermy?
Highly metabolically costly
What are the pros to ectothermy?
Can occupy environments with less food
Less metabolically costly
What are the cons to ectothermy?
Limited to certain environments, times of day and times of year
What were the earliest tetrapods?
Icthyostega
Acanthostega
What is special about icthyostega and acanthostega?
Pelvic and pectoral girdles present
Amphibian like, still water dependent
What is the fish-tetrapod intermediate?
Tiktaalik
What is special about tiktaalik?
Head bends
No operculum
Larger ribs
Fish-tetrapod intermediate
What are the two hypothesis for the evolution of temporal fenestrations?
Original: provided more surface area for jaw muscle attachment
New: More muscles and muscle attachments allow for better chewing of food
What are the reasons for movement to land?
Searching for food
Dispersal of juveniles
Laying eggs in moist environments (less predation)
Basking in sun
Why is basking in the sun evolutionary advantageous?
It would raise body temp
Higher body temp = faster digestion
Faster digestion = faster growth
What are temporal fenestration?
Opening in temporal bone
What groups are anapsid?
Turtles and primitive amniotes
What groups are synapsids?
Mammals
What groups are diapsids?
Reptiles and brids
What are the four extraembryonic membranes and their functions?
Chorion - Surrounds everything in the egg
Allantois - Waste bucket of the cell
Amnion - Keeps the body suspended
Yolk sac - Secretes enzymes that digest the yolk
What is paedomorphosis?
Adult retains juvenille characteristics
What is a case of paedomorphosis in salamanders?
Retention of the lateral lines and external gills
What are the three main groups of amphibians?
Anurans - frogs and toads
Urodeles or caudates - salamanders
Gymnophionans - caecilians
What are the characteristics that all amphibians share?
Moist permeable skin
Carnivorous
What are the characteristics of anurans?
Long hindlegs with strong muscles
Fused tibia and fibula
What are the causes of amphibian population decline?
Global warming
Habitat loss
UV radiation
Diseases
What is the pelvic patch?
Highly vascularized skin that absorbs water from surface
What is the adaptative advantage of having different larval and adult stages?
Occupy different niches
Less competition for food
What are he different stages of metamorphosis?
Premetamorphosis
Prometamorphosis
Metamorphic climax
What happens during premetamorphosis?
Tadpoles increase in size with little change in form
What happens in prometamorphosis?
Hind legs appear
Body continues to grow
What happens during metamorphic climax?
Forelegs emerge and tail regresses
What are the different ways of water conservation used by frogs?
Pelvic patch is used to absorb water through the skin
Urinary bladder can store hyposmolal urine and weigh 30% of body mass
What does it mean to have hyposmolal urine?
Urine is hyposmolal to the blood
Water can be reabsorbed from the urine to replace what is lost through evaporation
What are the two possible origins of turtles?
Origin from parareptiles
Anapsid trait is seondary derived
What is the origin from parareptiles hypothesis for turtles?
They are a remenant of primitive form of reptiles
What is the second hypothesis for turtle origin?
The anapsod trait of turtles is a secondary derived trait
More popular one
What is the challenge of breathing for turtles?
They can not expand their thoracic cavity because of their shell
How do turtles breath?
Abdominal muscles constrict and contract which pushes the visceral organs towards the diaphragm creating pressure
This is used for both inhalation and exhalation
What are the top and the bottom pieces of a turtle shell called?
Top - carapace
Bottom - plastron
How long have turtles been around?
Since the triassic period
How do turtles maintain their body temperature?
Basking
How does turtle lifespan affect their population size?
A longer lifespan means that it takes longer for turtles to sexually mature, makes it harder to maintain population size
