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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the challenges to terrestrial living?

A 
Locomotion
Eating
Reproduction
Breathing air
Sensory systems in air
Water conservation
Body temperature control
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2
Q

Why is locomotion a challenge on land?

A

Organisms need to support themselves in order to move

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3
Q

What are the axial system adaptations that terrestrial organisms have?

A

Zygapophyses
Cervical vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the function of zygapophses?

A

Interlock vertebrae

Resist twisting

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5
Q

What is the function of cervical vertebrae?

A

Allows neck to turn

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6
Q

What is the function of sacral vertebrae?

A

Fused to form pelvic girdles

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7
Q

What are the appendicular adaptations that allow for locomotion?

A

Limbs and girdles

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8
Q

What is the challenge of eating on land?

A

Terrestrial animals have to use their teeth, jaws, tongues and cheeks to manipulate food
Can no longer use suction

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9
Q

What is the function if the tongue?

A

Manipulate food and move it towards pharynx

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10
Q

What is the function of salivary glands?

A

Lubricates food, dissolves surface chemicals for taste, enzymes and venom

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11
Q

What is the chemical that breaks down starch?

A

Salivary amylase

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12
Q

What are the main groups of bony fish?

A

Sarcopterygii - lobe finned fish

Actinopterygii - ray finned fish

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13
Q

What are the two main groups that make up sarcopterygii?

A

Dipnoi - lungfish

Actinistia - coelacanths

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14
Q

What are the causes for the diversity of actinopterygii?

A

Allopatric speciation

Ecological/sympatric speciation

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15
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Physical barrier between two populations causes speciation

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16
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Occurs without seperation

May be caused by sexual selection or habits

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17
Q

What are protrusible jaws?

A

Specialized jaws that are used for suction feeding

Both top and bottom jaws move

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18
Q

What are the classes of fish that make up the group Actinopterygii?

A

Polypteriformes
Acipenseriforms
Lepisosteiroformes
Amminformes

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19
Q

What are polypteriformes?

A

Birchir and reedfish

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20
Q

What are acipenseriforms?

A

Paddlefish and sturgeon

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21
Q

What are lepisosteiroformes?

A

Gars

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22
Q

What are ammiformes?

A

Bowfin fish

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23
Q

What does it mean to be catadromous?

A

Live in fresh water and spawn in marine water

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24
Q

What are the three classes that make up teleosteans?

A

Elopomorpha
Clupeomorpha
Euteleosti

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25
Q

What are elopomorpha?

A

Tarpon, bonefish and eels

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26
Q

What are clupeomorpha comprised of?

A

Herrings, shad, sardines and anchovies

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27
Q

What are euteleosti?

A

New bony fish

Piranhas, minnows and catfish

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28
Q

What is the weberian apparatus?

A

Connects swim bladder to the inner ear

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29
Q

What are the benefits for pelagic spawning?

A

Reduced predation from adults in the parental habitat
Dispersal of offspring
Higher productivity in sunlit surface of open waters

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30
Q

How do non-amniotes breath?

A

Use buccal pumping (positive pressure)

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31
Q

What are haversian systems?

A

Functional unit that forms bone

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32
Q

How do non -amniotes breath?

A

Used negative pressure ventilation

Expansion of the rib cage and abdominal cavity

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33
Q

What it buccal pumping?

A

Air is brought into the mouth, the cheeks are then compressed to force the air down into the lungs

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34
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Unique to amniotes

Allows for esophagous and trachea to be routed seperately

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35
Q

What is double circulation?

A

Veins carry only deoxygenated blood while arteries carry oxygenated blood
Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood seperate

36
Q

What is cutaneous respiration?

A

Gas exchange through the skin

37
Q

How is the amphibian circulatory system different?

A

Pulmonary artery branches and also goes to the skin so cutaneous respiration can occur

38
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Inner ear hearing organ

39
Q

What is the adaptive significance of a urinary bladder?

A

Lets the organism control when they release urine

A constant release would give away location which is a negative for both predatory and prey animals

40
Q

What is a vomernasal organ?

A

Jacobson’s organ
An olfactory organ
Chemicals are brought in by the tongue and wiped against it

41
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Sensory receptors that give information regarding position and movement

42
Q

How is water conserved in dry environments?

A

Keratinized epidermal cells

Kidney modification reduces water loss

43
Q

What are the four ways that heat can be exchanged with the environment?

A

Evaporation
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

44
Q

How is heat transferred in evaporation?

A

Sweat draws heat from your skin in order to evaporate

45
Q

How is heat transferred in conduction?

A

Two solid surfaces touch and exchange heat

46
Q

How is heat transferred in convection?

A

Air collects heat and rises, it releases this heat and falls back down to collect more heat

47
Q

What is the function of an egg shell?

A

Prevents dehydration
Keeps egg intact
Protection

48
Q

What are the pros to endothermy?

A

Can live in colder environments

Can be active at night

49
Q

What are the cons of endothermy?

A

Highly metabolically costly

50
Q

What are the pros to ectothermy?

A

Can occupy environments with less food

Less metabolically costly

51
Q

What are the cons to ectothermy?

A

Limited to certain environments, times of day and times of year

52
Q

What were the earliest tetrapods?

A

Icthyostega

Acanthostega

53
Q

What is special about icthyostega and acanthostega?

A

Pelvic and pectoral girdles present

Amphibian like, still water dependent

54
Q

What is the fish-tetrapod intermediate?

A

Tiktaalik

55
Q

What is special about tiktaalik?

A

Head bends
No operculum
Larger ribs
Fish-tetrapod intermediate

56
Q

What are the two hypothesis for the evolution of temporal fenestrations?

A

Original: provided more surface area for jaw muscle attachment
New: More muscles and muscle attachments allow for better chewing of food

57
Q

What are the reasons for movement to land?

A

Searching for food
Dispersal of juveniles
Laying eggs in moist environments (less predation)
Basking in sun

58
Q

Why is basking in the sun evolutionary advantageous?

A

It would raise body temp
Higher body temp = faster digestion
Faster digestion = faster growth

59
Q

What are temporal fenestration?

A

Opening in temporal bone

60
Q

What groups are anapsid?

A

Turtles and primitive amniotes

61
Q

What groups are synapsids?

A

Mammals

62
Q

What groups are diapsids?

A

Reptiles and brids

63
Q

What are the four extraembryonic membranes and their functions?

A

Chorion - Surrounds everything in the egg
Allantois - Waste bucket of the cell
Amnion - Keeps the body suspended
Yolk sac - Secretes enzymes that digest the yolk

64
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

Adult retains juvenille characteristics

65
Q

What is a case of paedomorphosis in salamanders?

A

Retention of the lateral lines and external gills

66
Q

What are the three main groups of amphibians?

A

Anurans - frogs and toads
Urodeles or caudates - salamanders
Gymnophionans - caecilians

67
Q

What are the characteristics that all amphibians share?

A

Moist permeable skin

Carnivorous

68
Q

What are the characteristics of anurans?

A

Long hindlegs with strong muscles

Fused tibia and fibula

69
Q

What are the causes of amphibian population decline?

A

Global warming
Habitat loss
UV radiation
Diseases

70
Q

What is the pelvic patch?

A

Highly vascularized skin that absorbs water from surface

71
Q

What is the adaptative advantage of having different larval and adult stages?

A

Occupy different niches

Less competition for food

72
Q

What are he different stages of metamorphosis?

A

Premetamorphosis
Prometamorphosis
Metamorphic climax

73
Q

What happens during premetamorphosis?

A

Tadpoles increase in size with little change in form

74
Q

What happens in prometamorphosis?

A

Hind legs appear

Body continues to grow

75
Q

What happens during metamorphic climax?

A

Forelegs emerge and tail regresses

76
Q

What are the different ways of water conservation used by frogs?

A

Pelvic patch is used to absorb water through the skin

Urinary bladder can store hyposmolal urine and weigh 30% of body mass

77
Q

What does it mean to have hyposmolal urine?

A

Urine is hyposmolal to the blood

Water can be reabsorbed from the urine to replace what is lost through evaporation

78
Q

What are the two possible origins of turtles?

A

Origin from parareptiles

Anapsid trait is seondary derived

79
Q

What is the origin from parareptiles hypothesis for turtles?

A

They are a remenant of primitive form of reptiles

80
Q

What is the second hypothesis for turtle origin?

A

The anapsod trait of turtles is a secondary derived trait

More popular one

81
Q

What is the challenge of breathing for turtles?

A

They can not expand their thoracic cavity because of their shell

82
Q

How do turtles breath?

A

Abdominal muscles constrict and contract which pushes the visceral organs towards the diaphragm creating pressure
This is used for both inhalation and exhalation

83
Q

What are the top and the bottom pieces of a turtle shell called?

A

Top - carapace

Bottom - plastron

84
Q

How long have turtles been around?

A

Since the triassic period

85
Q

How do turtles maintain their body temperature?

A

Basking

86
Q

How does turtle lifespan affect their population size?

A

A longer lifespan means that it takes longer for turtles to sexually mature, makes it harder to maintain population size

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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