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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups that make up Lepidosaurs?

A

Sphenodontidae

Squamates

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2
Q

What is the group sphenodontidae comprised of?

A

Tuatara

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3
Q

How is the cloaca different among lizards and salamanders?

A

Cloaca vent is transverse in lizards, it is longitudinal in salamanders

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4
Q

What is determinate growth?

A

Growth in length stops when the epiphyseal plates fuse

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5
Q

What is a characteristic of the inguania class?

A

Muscular tongues

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6
Q

What suborders make up Squamates?

A

Inguania

Scleroglossans

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7
Q

What makes up Inguania?

A

Agamidae - dragon lizard
Chamaeleonidae
Iguanidae

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8
Q

What is a characteristic of the scleroglossan class?

A

Hard tongues

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9
Q

What makes up Scleroglossan?

A

Geckos and skinks
Amphisbaenians
Serpentes

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10
Q

What are amphisbaenians?

A

Burrowing lizards and legless lizards

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11
Q

What does it mean to be zygodactylous?

A

Toes are bundled into two groups, one facing forward, the other facing backwards

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of amphispbaenians?

A

Leglessness has evolved 3 times
Integument has not connected to the trunk
Annuli rings
Fossorial

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13
Q

What family of snakes contains 2/3 of the worlds species?

A

Colubroidea

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14
Q

What subfamily of snakes have hollow fangs?

A

Elapidae and viparidae

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15
Q

What are the different types of snake locomotion?

A

Lateral undulation
Rectilinear
Concertina
Sidewinding

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16
Q

What is lateral undulation locomotion?

A

Movement by finding leverage to push off of

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17
Q

What is rectilinear locomotion?

A

Stretch and constrict to pull themselves forward

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18
Q

What is concertina locomotion?

A

Move a wave throughout their whole body to move forward

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19
Q

What is sidewinding locomotion?

A

Moving in side to side motion

Reduces contact between body and hot ground

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20
Q

What does it mean to be fossorial?

A

Have adaptations that aid in digging and burrowing

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21
Q

What are the specialized mandible adaptations of snakes?

A

Mandibles are only attached by muscles and skin
Allow independent movement
Allows snake to swallow prey whole

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22
Q

What are the adaptations that constrictors have for feeding?

A

Short ribs and short abdominal muscles

When prey exhales, the snake tightens

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23
Q

What are the different dentations in snakes?

A

Aglyphous - without fangs (Pythons)
Opisthoglysphous - Rear fanged (Hognose)
Proteroglyphous - hollow fangs with some other teeth (Mambas)
Solenoglyphous - Only follow fangs, no other teeth (Vipers)

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24
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Virgin birth

Female produces diploid eggs

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25
Q

What are the pros and cons of parthenogenesis?

A

Pros - don’t need to struggle to find a mate

Cons - Producing identical variation, low variety in gene pool

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26
Q

What influences possible body temperature of ectotherms?

A

Animal characteristics

Environmental variables

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27
Q

What are the categories of animal characteristics that influence possible ectotherm body temperature?

A

Behavioral
Physiological
Morphological

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28
Q

What are behavioral animal characteristics that influence body temperature?

A

Postural orientation

Thermal preference

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29
Q

What are physiological animal characteristics that influence body temperature?

A

Metabolic rate

Blood flow

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30
Q

What are morphological animal characteristics that influence body temperature?

A

Size
Shape
Color

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31
Q

What are the categories of animal characteristics that influence possible ectotherm body temperature?

A

Abiotic

Biotic

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32
Q

What are the biotic environmental characteristics that influence body temperature?

A

Prey
Predators
Competitors
Mates

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33
Q

What are the abiotic environmental characteristics that influence body temperature?

A

Radiation
Wind speed
Temperature
Humidity

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34
Q

What are the different categories of functional effects that body temperature influence?

A

Developmental
Physiological
Behavioral

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35
Q

What are the developmental characteristics that body temperature influences?

A

Developmental rate
Developmental speed
Body size
Anomalies

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36
Q

What are the physiological characteristics that body temperature influences?

A

Metabolic rate
Digestive rate
Growth

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37
Q

What are the behavioral characteristics that body temperature influences?

A

Crawling speed
Strike speed
Defensive behavior

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38
Q

What animal characteristics influence functional effects?

A

Thermal tolerance
Thermal optima
Ability to acclimate

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39
Q

What ecological effects do functional effects have?

A 
Activity time
Prey capture
Microhabitat
Predation
Range
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40
Q

What fitness effects do ecological effects have?

A

Surviorship
Growth
Reproduction

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41
Q

What are the different groups of crocodilians?

A

Alligatoridae
Crocodylidae
Gavialdae - Gharial

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42
Q

Why are birds thought to be closely related to crocodiles?

A

Oviparous
Parental care
Vocalization between hatchlings and parent
Adult vocalization during courtship and territorial displays

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43
Q

What were the earliest evidence of feathers?

A

Single hollow feathers

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44
Q

What were the functions of early feathers?

A

Sensory
Insulation
Social interactions

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45
Q

What were early well developed feathers originally used for?

A

Body temperature control

Covering eggs for temperature regulation

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46
Q

What are the two theories for origin of flight?

A

Arboreal

Terrestrial

47
Q

What is the arboreal theory of flight?

A

From trees down
Tree climbers jumping from tree to tree
Feathers allowed them to glide and travel further

48
Q

What is the terrestrial theory of flight?

A

From ground up
Bipedal runners used wings to lighten the load while running
Flapping of wings helped in horizontal jumping after prey

49
Q

What is the importance of the archeopteryx?

A 
Earliest known bird
Contour and flight feathers
Lacked deep sternum
Long bony tail
Teeth
50
Q

What is the significance of archeopteryx lacking a deep sternum?

A

Means pectoral muscles weren’t as developed

Has flight feathers but not enough pectoral muscles

51
Q

How is the desert tortoise able to survive?

A

Has periods of inactivity during the hotter months

Builds water supply storage during spring months to carry it over into the summer months

52
Q

What is the chuckwallas survival strategy?

A

Don drink water

Obtain water from food and metabolic water

53
Q

What is the spadefoot toads survival strategy?

A

Constructs a burrow at end of rainy season in sept and stays until july
Retains high body fluid osmolarity

54
Q

Why do spade foot toads have such a fast metamorphic process?

A

Pools are only temporary

55
Q

How do fish in subzero water survive?

A

Fish at bottom stay supercooled

Fish at surface produce antifreeze compounds

56
Q

How do painted turtles survive freezing temperatures?

A

Outer skin layer forms a barrier to resist ice crystal penetration
Lipid layer prevents ice crystal penetration

57
Q

What is the benefit of hibernating in shallow burrows that can freeze?

A

Organisms that do this will have a head start in the breeding season, can reach surface faster

58
Q

What is specific dynamic action (SDA)?

A

Heat product as a result of increased metabolic rate as a response to feeding

59
Q

What are the heat producing and conserving mechanisms that endotherms use?

A

Specific dynamic action
Skeletal muscles produce heat
Hair and feathers

60
Q

What is the thermal neutral zone?

A

Range of temperatures where metabolism can remain relatively constant to maintain that temp

61
Q

What is the zone of tolerance?

A

Range of environmental temperatures where the body temp can be kept stable

62
Q

Where does consumed energy get used?

A

Excreta

Assimilated energy

63
Q

What are the two forms of excreta?

A

Feces

Urine

64
Q

What are the two categories that assimilated energy can be used for?

A

Production (Goes into building biomass)

Respiration (Physiological processes that require energy)

65
Q

What can energy be used for in the production category?

A

Storage
Reproduction
Growth

66
Q

What can energy be used for in the respiration category?

A

Digestion
Maintenance
Activity

67
Q

How do artic endotherms balance their energy budget?

A

Have long and thick hair

Have wider thermoneutral zones

68
Q

How do baleen whales maintain their energy budget?

A

Build energy in subpolar waters during the summer

Allows long periods of migration and not eating in winter

69
Q

What is tarpor?

A

Changing your metabolism during certain periods of the day

70
Q

Why is it so difficult to keep cool in hot enviornments?

A

Evaporative cooling is the main mechanism to reduce body temp in endotherms
Water is scarce in hot deserts

71
Q

What are the kidney adaptations that endotherms have?

A

Thicker medullas
Longer pyramids
Longer loops of Henle

72
Q

What is a rete mirabile?

A

Blood going to the brain goes through a cool moist environment which cools the blood down

73
Q

What are the two superorders of Neognathae?

A

Galoanserea

Neoaves

74
Q

What orders are in Galoanserea?

A

Anseriformes

Galliformes

75
Q

What is anseriformes comprised of?

A

Ducks

Geese

76
Q

What is galliformes comprised of?

A

Fowl

Quail

77
Q

What orders are in Neoaves?

A 
Piciformes
Columbiformes
Falconiformes
Spheniciformes
Passeriformes
78
Q

What is piciformes comprised of?

A

Woodpeckers

79
Q

What is columbiformes comprised of?

A

Pigeons

80
Q

What is falconiformes comprised of?

A

Hawks
Eagles
Vultures

81
Q

Whatis spheniciformes comprised of?

A

Penguins

82
Q

What is passeriformes comprised of?

A

Perching birds

83
Q

What is the suborder of passeriformes that makes up songbirds?

A

Oscines

84
Q

What are the two infraclasses of birds?

A

Palaeognathe

Neognathae

85
Q

What is in palaeognathe?

A

Ratites (Ostrich, rhea, cassowary, kiwi)

86
Q

What is the largest flying bird?

A

Kori bustard

87
Q

What are the different types of feathers?

A 
Contour
Semiplumes
Down
Bristles
Filoplumes
88
Q

What is the function of contour feathers?

A

Body and flight feathers

89
Q

What is the function of semiplume feathers?

A

Below contour feathers

Provide thermal insulation

90
Q

What is the function of down feathers?

A

Provide insulation

91
Q

What is the function of bristle feathers?

A

Tectile sensation
Filter out particles from nostrils and eyes
Base of bill, around eyes

92
Q

What is the function of filoplumes?

A

Sensory structures

93
Q

What are the skeletal adaptations of birds?

A

Hollow pneumatic bones
Heavier leg bones
Large sternum for flight muscle attachment
Furcula

94
Q

What is a furcula?

A

Fused clavicles
Wish bone
Add bracing support

95
Q

What are the ear adaptations that most birds have?

A

Cochlea is 1/10 the length of mammals

Have 10x more hair cells

96
Q

Why do owls have such good hearing?

A

Asymmetrical ears, allow for increased location ability

Face is round to trap more sound

97
Q

What are the muscular adaptations of birds?

A

Pectoral muscle is 20% of body mass
Strong flier have higher percentage
Swimming birds have stronger legs

98
Q

What are the three different eye types for birds?

A

Flat- most birds
Globular - most falcons
Tubular - owls

99
Q

What is the adaptive significance of having bright feathers?

A

Indicate good nutrition
Resistance to parasites
Ability to avoid predators

100
Q

What is monogamy?

A

Only one mate

101
Q

What is polygamy?

A

More than one mate in a breeding season

102
Q

What is polygyny

A

One male mates with multiple females

103
Q

What is polyandry?

A

One female mates with multiple males

104
Q

What is social monogamy?

A

Share responsibilities for a clutch of eggs

One of the sexes pretends to be monogamous

105
Q

What is genetic monogamy?

A

Share responsibilities for a nest with no extra pair copulations

106
Q

How is cheating beneficial to both sexes?

A

Increases fitness of its offspring by mating with better genetics
Offspring with increased variability

107
Q

How does cheating benefit males?

A

More offspring
Other males care for his offspring
Increased reproductive success by spreading eggs over multiple nests

108
Q

How does cheating benefit females?

A

Reduce risk that some eggs may not be fertilized
Sexy son hypothesis
Quasi nest parasitism

109
Q

What is the sexy sons hypothesis?

A

Mating with more attractive males will mean your sons will be more attractive and be able to mate more

110
Q

What does it mean to be altricial?

A

Young hatch naked and dependent on parents for food and thermoregulation

111
Q

What does it mean to be precocial?

A

Young hatch feathered and self sufficient

Wood ducks

112
Q

What factors influence clutch size?

A

Resources

Predation

113
Q

Why has viviparity not evolved

A

Since birds are warm blooded they can keep the eggs warm with their bodies or the environment

114
Q

What is quasi nest parasitism?

A

Females lay eggs in males nests that will then take care of the offspring

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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