Final Exam Flashcards
Three portions of a neuron
Cell body
Axon
Dendrite
The Nervous system is organized into the _______ Nervous system and the __________ Nervous System.
Central; Peripheral
The central nervous system is composed of the _____ and the ______ ____
Brain; spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is organized into the what two smaller nervous systems?
Autonomic; Somatic
The Autonomic nervous system is organized into what two systems?
Parasympathetic; Sympathetic
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory nerve
Cranial Nerve 2
Optic nerve
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal nerve
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial Nerve
Cranial Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Cranial Nerve 10
Vagus nerve (the main parasympathetic nerve that inner bates the digestive organs, thymus, lungs)
Cranial Nerve 11
Spinal accessory nerve (motor nerve that innervates SCM and Trapezius)
Which major nerves stem from the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
Which major nerves stem from the Brachial Plexus?
C5 - T2 Radial Nerve (C5-T1) Ulnar Nerve (C8, T1) Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5-7) Median Nerve (C6-T1)
Which major nerves stem from the Lumbar Plexus?
L1-L5 Femoral nerve (L2-4) Obturator nerve (l2-4)
Which major nerves stem from the Sacral Plexus?
L4-S5
Sciatic nerve (L4-S3)
Tibial Nerve (L4-S3)
Common Peroneal Nerve (L4-S2)
The radial nerve stems from which plexus and from which spinal segments?
Brachial Plexus
C1-T1
The Musculocutaneous Nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
brachial plexus
C5-7
The Ulnar Nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Brachial Plexus
C8, T1
The median nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Brachial plexus
C6-T1
The Femoral nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Lumbar plexus
L2-4
The Obturator nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Lumbar plexus
L2-4
The Sciatic nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Sacral plexus
L4-S3
The Tibial Nerve stems from which plexus and from what spinal segments?
Sacral plexus (because it branches out from the sciatic nerve) L4-S3
The Common Peroneal Nerve stems from which plexus and spinal segments?
Sacral plexus (because it branches out from the sciatic nerve) L4-S3
What do muscle spindle cells do?
Monitor the stretch of a muscle and its rate of change in length
What do Golgi tendon organs do?
Detect and help the body respond to changes in muscle tension
What do Ruffini’s end organs do?
Detect slow changes in the position of a joint
What are the four main kinds of proprioceptors?
Muscle spindle cells
Golgi tendon organs
Ruffini’s end organs
Pacinian corpuscles
Reciprocal Inhibition
Muscles on one side a joint relax to accommodate contraction on the other side
Biomechanics
The mechanical principles that directly relate to the body
Statics
Aspects of nonmoving (or virtually nonmoving) systems
Dynamics
Aspects of moving systems
Osteokinematics
The movement of bones around joint axes
Arthrokinematics
The small, generally unseen movements occurring between the articulating surfaces of joints
Force
Any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain change
Inertia
An object’s resistance to a change in its state of motion or rest
Mass
The quantity of matter in an object
Torque
A force that involves rotation of an object around an axis
Momentum
The product of mass and velocity
Velocity
An object’s rate of change in position
Lever
A simple machine that can amplify an applied force (effort) by converting it into torque
What are the three types of levers?
First class (Muscle-Joint-Load) Second class (Muscle-Load-Joint) Third class (Joint-Muscle-Load)
What is the function of a first class lever?
To balance power vs. speed and range of motion. It increases power (but as much as a second class lever) in exchange for speed/range of motion (but does not sacrifice as much as a second class lever).
What is the function of a second class lever?
To maximize power in exchange for speed and range of motion
What is the function of a third class lever?
To increase speed and range of motion in exchange for power.
Through what five points does the body’s line of gravity run?
Ear, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle
Does the line of gravity run through the center of the shoulder joint, anterior or posterior?
Slightly anterior (greater trochanter))
Does the line of gravity run through the center of the hip joint, anterior or posterior?
Posterior
Does the line of gravity run through the center of knee, anterior or posterior?
Posterior
Does the line of gravity run through the center of the ankle, anterior or posterior?
Anterior
The myofascial core includes which diaphragms?
Respiratory, Abdominal, Pelvic
What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm?
pelvic diaphragm group, deep perineum group, urogenital group
What are the muscles of the abdominal diaphragm? And what the facial tissue are they connected to?
Abdominis rectus, transverse Abdominis, internal and external obliques, pyramidalis all connect to the thoracolumbar aponeurosis and lines alba
The myofascial core is held up by what group of postural supporters?
The mutifidi
What is the primary muscle of the respiratory diaphragm?
The diaphragm muscle
________-_______ posture occurs when the stabilizing muscles of the pelvis weaken and the pelvic bowl tilts forward.
Kyphotic-Lordotic
The _______ ______ involves excessive flex ion of the thoracic spine. This
Posture causes the head to hyper extend in order to remain level.
rounded back
When _________ posture the pelvis tilts posteriorly, the lumbar spine flattens and the thoracic spine becomes hyperkyphotic
Swayback
Any sideways deviation of the spine is called ________.
Scoliosis
Genu Valgum is also known as ____ ____
Knock knee (think of knees stuck together by the gum in “valgum”)
Genu Varum is also known as _________
Bowlegged
With genu valgum which muscles are tight and which are taut?
Taut TFL, Gluteus Maximus, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris
Tight vastus medialis, gracilis, sartorius, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
How many “moments” are there to observe in the two phases of gait?
8
What are the 5 moments of the stance phase?
Heel strike Foot flat Midstance Heel-off Toe-off
What are the 3 moments of the swing phase?
Acceleration
Midswing
Deceleration
If client has an inappropriate Stance Phase, what muscles are likely implicated?
Iliopsoas
Sartorious
Hamstrings
Plantar Flexion
A gait in which the trunk is pulled posteriorly is caused by weakness in what muscle?
Gluteus Maximus
A gait in which one side of the body leans during its stance phase while the opposite leg dips farther than normal at the beginning of the swing phase
Trendelenburg gait or gluteus medeus gait
A gait in which the body leans forward during the beginning of the stance phase is caused by weakness in the __________
Quadriceps
A gait in which the hips and the entire side of the body swing forward together, while the arm songs back, is called a ________ gait
Waddling
What two things occur if your hamstrings don’t sufficiently engage during gait?
- Genu recurvatum (knee hyperextends)
2. Insufficient deceleration causes knee to snap into extension
In what type of gait do toes strike first? This is cause by weak ___________
Equinus gait Weak dorsiflexirs (tibiais anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius)
A fused hip results in ___-_______ gait. What are the main features of this gait?
Bell-clapper gait, which features excessive pelvic anterior and posterior tilting as well as flexion/extension of the lumbar spine during gait.
Someone who is unable to fully extend the hip during he mid stance and toe-off phases suffers from __ ______ ______ and will lean the trunk forward to compensate.
Hip flexion contracture
A knee fused in extension results in what possible kinds of gaits to compensate?
Vaulting gait
Circumducted gait
Hike hip superiorly
What type of gait features a lack of coordination and jerky movements due to damage of the cerebellum?
Ataxic gait
Some motor control conditions like Cerebral Palsy cause ______ gait, which usually features chronic flexion of hips and knees
Crouch
In hemiplegic gait the hip is _________, ________ and _________ rotated while the knee is _________ and the ankle_______.
extended, adducted, medially
extended
everted
