Final Exam Flashcards
Hormones are chemical messengers from endocrine glands that travel in the blood
True
Hormones only come in contact with their specific receptor sites on specific cells in the body
False
Plasma levels of specific hormones fluctuate throughout the day
True
Steroid hormones exert their action by
Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Insulin, a small (51-amino acid) protein is released
hen the body’s glucose level rises
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates through
Binding to specific receptors to trigger G protein and cAMP
Secretion of hormones is regulated by
a negative feedback system
When it comes necessary to enlist the “fight or flight” response, one of the following hormones is released during the initial alarm phase:
nonepinephrine
One of the following organs is both an endocrine and an exocrine organ
pancreas
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone
ADH conserves body water during exercises by:
increasing water permeability of renal tubules
Which of the following is NOT a steroid hormone?
nonepinephrine
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?
insulin
The T3 and T4 hormones of the thyroid do NOT
enhance lipogenesis
Growth hormone
promotes long bone growth through the formative years
ADH
decreases urine production
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
increase the metabolic rate via enhancing glycolysis and glycogenesis
Prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations cause a phenomenon known as:
down-regulation
Which of the following is not a change that may be cause by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
the presence of the appropriate receptor on the cells of the target tissue organ
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and other hormones) enable the body to deal with stress by:
increasing blood glucose, fatty acids, amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
Catecholamines and other peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cells that comprise target organs. This binding causes
adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP cascade
In certain circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ, which is known as:
up-regulation
Which organ does not have a hormone production?
liver
aldosterone:
functions to increase blood sodium retention
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis
Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood
ACTH stands for:
adrenocorticotropin and effects the adrenal cortex
The catecholamines are mainly produced by:
the adrenal medulla
Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by:
the kidneys
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of:
cortisol
the beta cells of the pancreas synthesize
insulin
Which of the following hormones works to increase the amount of circulating plasma glucose?
cortisol, catecholamines, glucagon
Which of the following hormones is released from the thyroid gland?
thyroxine
Which of the following hormones does NOT aid in the increase of glucose metabolism?
erythropoietin
Renin is a hormone released by:
the kidneys involved in fluid and electrolyte balance
During long duration steady exercise (e.g. 3 hours) which two hormones continue to noticeably rise throughout the exercise bout?
epinephrine and nonepinephrine
The alpha-cells of the pancreas produce ______ when plasma levels of glucose are ______ normal
glucagon;below
Mineralocorticoids aid in the maintenance of
electrolyte balance in extracellular fluids
A hormone directly responsible for increasing the rate and force of contraction of the heart is:
nonepinephrine
The hormone most responsible for bone resorption of calcium is _____, which is countered the hormone ______ which is responsible for calcium deposition in the bone
parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
What are the signs of the female athlete triad?
amenorrhea, osteoporosis, eating disorder
The most logical hormones affected by the female athlete triad are:
follicle-stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, estrogen
Which is NOT true of the adrenal medulla
releases aldosterone
“IGF” stands for:
insulin-like growth factor
Which is true about IGF-I?
it signals for protein synthesis
The causes of amenorrhea
extreme weight loss, eating disorders, breastfeeding, stress
The adrenal cortex can release androgens, estrogens, and progesterones
True
The most recognized mineralocorticoid hormone is:
aldosterone
What do glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and nonepinephrine all have in common
they increase glucose metabolism
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
the pancrease
