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KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones are chemical messengers from endocrine glands that travel in the blood

A

True

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2
Q

Hormones only come in contact with their specific receptor sites on specific cells in the body

A

False

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3
Q

Plasma levels of specific hormones fluctuate throughout the day

A

True

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4
Q

Steroid hormones exert their action by

A

Entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

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5
Q

Insulin, a small (51-amino acid) protein is released

A

hen the body’s glucose level rises

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6
Q

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates through

A

Binding to specific receptors to trigger G protein and cAMP

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7
Q

Secretion of hormones is regulated by

A

a negative feedback system

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8
Q

When it comes necessary to enlist the “fight or flight” response, one of the following hormones is released during the initial alarm phase:

A

nonepinephrine

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9
Q

One of the following organs is both an endocrine and an exocrine organ

A

pancreas

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10
Q

Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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11
Q

ADH conserves body water during exercises by:

A

increasing water permeability of renal tubules

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a steroid hormone?

A

nonepinephrine

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13
Q

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?

A

insulin

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14
Q

The T3 and T4 hormones of the thyroid do NOT

A

enhance lipogenesis

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15
Q

Growth hormone

A

promotes long bone growth through the formative years

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16
Q

ADH

A

decreases urine production

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17
Q

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

A

increase the metabolic rate via enhancing glycolysis and glycogenesis

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18
Q

Prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations cause a phenomenon known as:

A

down-regulation

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a change that may be cause by hormonal stimulus?

A

direct control of the nervous system

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20
Q

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on

A

the presence of the appropriate receptor on the cells of the target tissue organ

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21
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol and other hormones) enable the body to deal with stress by:

A

increasing blood glucose, fatty acids, amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

22
Q

Catecholamines and other peptide hormones bind to receptors on the surface of the cells that comprise target organs. This binding causes

A

adenylate cyclase to generate cyclic AMP cascade

23
Q

In certain circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ, which is known as:

A

up-regulation

24
Q

Which organ does not have a hormone production?

A

liver

25
Q

aldosterone:

A

functions to increase blood sodium retention

26
Q

Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis

A

Parathyroid hormone is the most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood

27
Q

ACTH stands for:

A

adrenocorticotropin and effects the adrenal cortex

28
Q

The catecholamines are mainly produced by:

A

the adrenal medulla

29
Q

Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by:

A

the kidneys

30
Q

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of:

A

cortisol

31
Q

the beta cells of the pancreas synthesize

A

insulin

32
Q

Which of the following hormones works to increase the amount of circulating plasma glucose?

A

cortisol, catecholamines, glucagon

33
Q

Which of the following hormones is released from the thyroid gland?

A

thyroxine

34
Q

Which of the following hormones does NOT aid in the increase of glucose metabolism?

A

erythropoietin

35
Q

Renin is a hormone released by:

A

the kidneys involved in fluid and electrolyte balance

36
Q

During long duration steady exercise (e.g. 3 hours) which two hormones continue to noticeably rise throughout the exercise bout?

A

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

37
Q

The alpha-cells of the pancreas produce ______ when plasma levels of glucose are ______ normal

A

glucagon;below

38
Q

Mineralocorticoids aid in the maintenance of

A

electrolyte balance in extracellular fluids

39
Q

A hormone directly responsible for increasing the rate and force of contraction of the heart is:

A

nonepinephrine

40
Q

The hormone most responsible for bone resorption of calcium is _____, which is countered the hormone ______ which is responsible for calcium deposition in the bone

A

parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

41
Q

What are the signs of the female athlete triad?

A

amenorrhea, osteoporosis, eating disorder

42
Q

The most logical hormones affected by the female athlete triad are:

A

follicle-stimulating hormone, leutinizing hormone, estrogen

43
Q

Which is NOT true of the adrenal medulla

A

releases aldosterone

44
Q

“IGF” stands for:

A

insulin-like growth factor

45
Q

Which is true about IGF-I?

A

it signals for protein synthesis

46
Q

The causes of amenorrhea

A

extreme weight loss, eating disorders, breastfeeding, stress

47
Q

The adrenal cortex can release androgens, estrogens, and progesterones

A

True

48
Q

The most recognized mineralocorticoid hormone is:

A

aldosterone

49
Q

What do glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol, and nonepinephrine all have in common

A

they increase glucose metabolism

50
Q

Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

the pancrease

KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology (13 decks)

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