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KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology > Exam #2: Metabolism > Flashcards

Exam #2: Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

The term metabolism is best defined as:

A

the sum of energy produced by all the chemical reactions the mechanical work of the body

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2
Q

The food sources from which we derive energy are composed mainly of:

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen

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3
Q

Carbohydrates are stored in the body as

A

glycogen

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4
Q

Lipid storage is at least 50 times as much (in kcal of energy) as glycogen storage in the body even in a lean adult

A

true

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5
Q

The Tricarboxylic cycle, the citric acid cycle, the Kreb’s cycle are three differing metabolic functions important for producing energy from foodstuffs

A

False

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6
Q

Sucrose —> Glucose + Fructose

The sucrase above is called a(n) _______, and the activity shown in the figure is called _________.

A

enzyme

hydrolysis

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7
Q

Which compound is necessary to transport fatty acids (as acetyl CoA) into the mitochondrial matric, making the use of fatty acids possible as cellular energy sources?

A

carnitine

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8
Q

The electron transport chain resulting from the oxidative system results in _____ ATP from one mole of glycogen, and the resultant total ATP from a mole of glycogen from glycolysis + Kerb’s cycle + the ETC is _____ ATP

A

34;39

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9
Q

Within the mitochondrion, theATP formed along the electron transport chain a created by the process called oxidative phosphorylation

A

True

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10
Q

Which of the following statements is most obviously true regarding the relative roles of fat, carbohydrate, and protein as energy sources for cellular metabolism?

A

Fat cannot provide all of the energy required for high-intensity muscular activity because the rate of energy release from fat is too slow

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11
Q

During maximal, very short-duration exercise, ATP is generated almost exclusively from:

A

ADP and CrP

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12
Q

Fat provides more kilocalories per gram than carbohydrate, but oxidation requirements for fat are greater than oxidation requirements for carbohydrate, making fats less efficient as an energy source per unit of oxygen

A

True

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13
Q

Phosphocreatine is a high-energy phosphate compound that is used in the cell

A

to resynthesize ATP

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14
Q

Before fat can metabolized by the muscle cells, it must be first be broken down into

A

free fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is called:

A

glycogenesis

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16
Q

Each human enzyme has an optimal _____ and ______ for it to work most efficiently

A

temperature and pH

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17
Q

Most of the energy for a 2-hour bout of exercise is provided by

A

the oxidative system

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT an accurate description of anaerobic glycolysis

A

It takes place in the mitochondria of the cell

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19
Q

For each liter of oxygen consumed by the body, which substrate provides the greatest number of kcal of energy?

A

carbohydrate

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20
Q

The major metabolic waster product that causes the muscles and blood to have a lower pH during exercise of increasing intensity is:

A

hydrogen ions

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21
Q

Glycolysis takes place in:

A

the muscle cell cytoplasm

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22
Q

Which of the following measurements is necessary when assessing the rate of protein metabolism in the body?

A

urine nitrogen excretion

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23
Q

An important enzyme is involved in one of the simplest and earliest form of the energy systems, called:

A

creatine kinase

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24
Q

NAD and FAD are

A

coenzymes that transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain

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25
Q

The process of which triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids is called:

A

lipolysis

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26
Q

The process of converting liver or muscle glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate is referred to as glycogenesis

A

False

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27
Q

Beta oxidation is the name for

A

the process by which free fatty acids are broken down to yield multiple molecules of acetyl CoA

28
Q

The two enzymes most commonly measured in order to assess the oxidative capacity of muscle tissues are:

A

succinate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase

29
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fibers are best suited for glycolytic energy production

A

True

30
Q

During near-maximal exercise, significant amounts of lactic acid are generated by the ATP-PCr energy system

A

False

31
Q

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is defined as the ratio between the:

A

amount of CO2 released to the amount of O2 consumed during metabolism

32
Q

The catabolism of lipids for energy during metabolism will result in a RER of:

A

> 1.0

33
Q

An aerobically trained athlete will have a higher RER during exercise of low to medium intensity than a lesser trained, untrained, or an anaerobically trained athlete

A

False

34
Q

Accumulation of lactate in the blood is determined by the balance between lactate production and lactate clearance

A

True

35
Q

Which organ would suffer the most if blood glucose levels during exercise were to drop drastically?

A

brain

36
Q

Which of NOT true of beta oxidation?

A

It involves the anabolism of fats

37
Q

Why is beta oxidation called “beta”?

A

Because oxidation of the fatty acyl chain is on the beta carbon and the chain is broken at each beta carbon atom

38
Q

Protein is not used at all for energy production

A

False

39
Q

Fatty acids are soluble in blood

A

False

40
Q

In order to increase lipid metabolism during exercise, aerobic training causes:

A

improved transport of FFAs through the sarcolemma

41
Q

Free Fatty Acids with a 18-carbon chain entering beta oxidation will yield:

A

9 molecules of acetic acid for Kreb’s cycle

42
Q

Increased carnitine and carnitine acyl tranferase increases the speed of carbohydrate transport in sacroplasm.

A

False

43
Q

The Cori cycle

A

recycles lactate via the blood back through the liver to reform glucose

44
Q

After exercise, metabolism returns to resting state

A

within hours after the end of exercise

45
Q

Metabolic regulation during rest and exercise is controlled by two systems

A

neural and endocrine

46
Q

At the beginning of exercise, endogenous local ATP loses a phosphate to produce ADP. The ADP stimulates

A

enhanced secretions of catecholamines
blood flow shifts
gluconeogenesis
increased enzyme activation

47
Q

Lipids released by lipolysis into the blood stream during exercise are carried by:

A

albumin

48
Q

The first form of ATP buffering during activity is:

A

ADP+ADP=ATP+AMP

49
Q

Creatine kinase is needed to resynthesize ATP from ADP by phosphorylation, and is boundto the M line proteins on myosin filaments

A

True

50
Q

Which two hormones stimulate the enzymes necessary for gluconeogenesis

A

epinephrine and glucagon

51
Q

Exercise stimulates a glucose transporter to get glucose into the sarcoplasm called:

A

GLUT4

52
Q

As exercise commences, the release of ____ triggers acceleration of pyruvate oxidation

A

Ca++

53
Q

Overproduction of ____ in intensely contracting muscles is the largest factor stimulating the shutdown of the Krebs cycle

A

NADH

54
Q

Extremely high levels of lactate in the blood during exercise indicates:

A

extreme anaerobic exercise
increasing lactate levels beyond threshold
that the athlete is “in great anaerobic shape”

55
Q

Anaerobic threshold is defined as:

A

when blood lactate levels rise noticeable above resting levels

56
Q

Pyruvate’s dilemma is:

A

the fact that pyruvate can follow either an aerobic or anaerobic metabolic rate

57
Q

Prolonged exercise causes greater need for lipid energy, which can result in increased

A

ketone bodies

58
Q

Hard aerobic training does NOT result in increase of ___ in resting muscle

A

muscle fibers

59
Q

The end product(s) of Beta oxidation that are funneled into the Kreb’s cycle and ETC is (are):

A

acetyl CoA, FADH, and NADH

60
Q

During exercise, gluconeogenesis in the liver oxaloacetate since dependence of fats (i.e. lack of carbohydrate) and depleted oxaloacetate causes the results of fat metabolism to produce ketone bodies

A

True

61
Q

“Alactic” ATP Production

A

Production of ATP through anaerobic pathways WITHOUT the lactate as the product

62
Q

“Lactic” ATP Production

A

Production of ATP through anaerobic pathways WITH the lactate as the product

63
Q

Glycotic ATP Production

A

Production of ATP through glycolysis.

64
Q

Oxidative ATP Production

A

Produces ATP through Kreb’s cycle and Electron Transport Chain.

65
Q

Explain why is the function of Cori Cycle so important during exercise?

A
  • Lactate is recycled via blood to the liver to supply additional energy to the muscle
  • It also gets rid of waste products
66
Q

Explain the implications of the illustrated part of the figure concerning #3 (phosphofructokinase)

A

Exercise increases glycolytic enzymes as ATP and CP levels decrease and AMP levels increase causing stimulation of phosphofructokinase

67
Q

Explain the implications of the illustrated part of the figure concerning #10 (pyruvate kinase)

A

Exercise increases glycolytic enzymes as ATP and CP levels decrease and ADP levels increase causing stimulation of Pyruvate kinase

KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology (13 decks)

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