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KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology > Exam #4: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Exam #4: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood

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2
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Both endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (digestive enzymes)

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers from the endocrine glands that travel in blood placing them in direct contact with all the cells

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4
Q

How much receptor does each cell have?

A

2,000 to 10,000 specific receptors

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5
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

Lipid soluble
Diffuse easily through cell membranes
Receptors located within the cell
Derived from cholesterol

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6
Q

What gland secretes the steroid hormones?

A

Adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta

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7
Q

What are nonsteroid hormones?

A

Nonlipid soluble
Cannot easily diffuse through cell membrane
Receptors located on cell membrane

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8
Q

What are the two types of nonsteroid hormone?

A

Amino acid derivatives (epinephrine) AND

Protein OR Peptide hormone (insulin)

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9
Q

What controls hormone release?

A

Plasma levels of specific hormones fluctuate
Secretion is regulated by a negative feedback system
Cells can also alter their number of hormone receptors via up- and down-regulation

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10
Q

What is down regulation?

A

Decrease in number of cell receptors

Less hormone can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

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11
Q

What is up regulation?

A

Increase in number of cell receptors

More hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in blood plasma

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12
Q

Classification of steroidal type hormone

A

Lipid soluble and formed from cholesterol

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13
Q

Classification of nonsteroidal type hormone

A

Nonlipid soluble and formed from amino acids, peptides, or proteins

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14
Q

How does hormones travel and work in the body?

A

They are secreted in the blood and travel to sites where they exert an effect on only those target cells that have receptors specific to that hormone

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15
Q

How do steroids synthesize protein?

A

via a process called direct gene activation

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16
Q

What regulates most of the hormone?

A

Negative Feedback System

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17
Q

How does nonsteroid hormones travel and work in the body?

A

Binds to receptors on the cell membrane, which triggers a second messenger within the cell, which in turn triggers numerous cellular processes

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18
Q

Hormones of the pituitary gland: ANTERIOR LOBE

A 
Growth hormone, 
Thyrotropin,
Follicle-stimulating hormone,
Luteinizing hormone,
Prolactin,
Adrenocorticotropin
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19
Q

Hormones of the pituitary gland: POSTERIOR LOBE

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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20
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone?

A

Promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy by facilitating amino acid transport
Directly stimulates fat metabolism (lipolysis)

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21
Q

When are levels of growth hormone elevated?

A

During aerobic exercise in proportion to exercise intensity

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22
Q

Hormones of the thyroid gland

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

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23
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Decreases plasma calcium concentration

Acts primarily on bones and kidneys

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24
Q

Parathyroid gland hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone

25
Q

What does PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) do?

A

Regulates plasma calcium and plasma phosphate concentrations by targeting the bones, intestines, and kidneys

26
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones?

A

Catecholamines (epinephrine and nonepinephrine)
Mineralocorticoids (includes aldosterone)
Glucocorticoids (includes cortisol)
Gonadocorticoids (includes androgens, estrogens, and progesterones)

27
Q

Catecholamines helps stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to help with what?

A

Prepare you for immediate action

28
Q

Catecholamines increases what?

A 
Rate & force of heart contraction
Blood pressure
Respiration
Metabolic rate
Glycogenolysis
Release of glucose & FFA into blood
29
Q

How does catecholamine allow more blood to go to the skeletal muscles?

A

Through vasodilation and vasoconstriction of specific vessels

30
Q

What does mineralocorticoids do?

A

Maintain electrolyte balance in extracellular fluid

31
Q

What does glucocorticoids do?

A

Maintain consistent plasma glucose levels between meals

32
Q

What does gonadocorticoids do?

A

Released in addition to those released by reproductive organs but in lesser amounts

33
Q

What are the hormones of the pancreas?

A

Insulin and glucagon

34
Q

What does insulin do?

A

secreted when glucose plasma levels are elevated (hyperglycemia)

35
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Secreted when plasma glucose concentrations are below normal (hypoglycemia)

36
Q

What are the reproductive hormones?

A

Estrogen
Androgen (i.e. testosterone)
Progesterone

37
Q

Hormones released by kidneys?

A

erythropoietin and renin

38
Q

What does renin do?

A

it is a hormone and enzyme involved in blood pressure control and fluid & electrolyte balance

39
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

Regulates red blood cell production by stimulating bone marrow
Important in our adaptation to training and altitude

40
Q

Hormones that increase glucose metabolism

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Nonepinephrine
Cortisol

41
Q

What happens when your carbohydrate reserves are low?

A

The hormones accelerate the oxidation of fat to ensure that your muscles have enough energy to use.

42
Q

What does androgens do?

A

Produces androgenic characteristics during puberty
Builds muscle, bone mass, strength, & libido in men
Increase protein synthesis

43
Q

How do you increase androgens?

A

Increase by exercise/resistance training

Endurance training results in no change or decrease

44
Q

What do estrogens do?

A

Menstrual cycle in women

45
Q

What is menstrual cycle?

A

Monthly bleeding for 3-5 days
Shedding of lining of uterus
Prepares women’s body for pregnancy each month

46
Q

What is ovulation?

A

day 14 of 28, egg leaves ovary, is transported to uterus via fallopian tube

47
Q

what is Dysmenorrhea?

A

painful period with severe cramping

48
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Lack of mentrual period

49
Q

Possible causes of amenorrhea?

A

pregnancy, breast feeding, extreme weight loss, eating disorder, stress, excessive exercise

50
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Prolonged (>7days) menstrual bleeding with clots

51
Q

What is premenstrual syndrome? (PMS)

A

Highly variable symptoms 7-14 days before period

Exercise might diminish symptoms

52
Q

What is Insulin-Like Growth Factors?

A

Super family of peptides

Major forms: IGF-I and IGF-II

53
Q

Where are Insulin-Like Growth Factors secreted from?

A

Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine releases

54
Q

What are the functions of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors?

A

Have important anabolic functions for muscle and bone
Have 6 known binding proteins
Signals for protein synthesis
Exercise response and adaptations

55
Q

What are the functions of binding proteins?

A

Extend half-life of IGFs in circulation
Transport IGFs to target cells
Help modulate biological actions of IGFs

56
Q

What is the nickname of adrenal gland?

A

“Fight or flight” gland

57
Q

Where is adrenal gland located?

A

On top of the kidney

58
Q

What are the two functional parts of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

KES 344 Musculoskeletal Physiology (13 decks)

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