Exam #4: Endocrine System

Question 1

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 1

ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood

Question 2

What is the function of the pancreas?

Answer 2

Both endocrine (insulin and glucagon) and exocrine (digestive enzymes)

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

Chemical messengers from the endocrine glands that travel in blood placing them in direct contact with all the cells

Question 4

How much receptor does each cell have?

Answer 4

2,000 to 10,000 specific receptors

Question 5

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 5

Lipid soluble
Diffuse easily through cell membranes
Receptors located within the cell
Derived from cholesterol

Question 6

What gland secretes the steroid hormones?

Answer 6

Adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta

Question 7

What are nonsteroid hormones?

Answer 7

Nonlipid soluble
Cannot easily diffuse through cell membrane
Receptors located on cell membrane

Question 8

What are the two types of nonsteroid hormone?

Answer 8

Amino acid derivatives (epinephrine) AND

Protein OR Peptide hormone (insulin)

Question 9

What controls hormone release?

Answer 9

Plasma levels of specific hormones fluctuate
Secretion is regulated by a negative feedback system
Cells can also alter their number of hormone receptors via up- and down-regulation

Question 10

What is down regulation?

Answer 10

Decrease in number of cell receptors

Less hormone can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

Question 11

What is up regulation?

Answer 11

Increase in number of cell receptors

More hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in blood plasma

Question 12

Classification of steroidal type hormone

Answer 12

Lipid soluble and formed from cholesterol

Question 13

Classification of nonsteroidal type hormone

Answer 13

Nonlipid soluble and formed from amino acids, peptides, or proteins

Question 14

How does hormones travel and work in the body?

Answer 14

They are secreted in the blood and travel to sites where they exert an effect on only those target cells that have receptors specific to that hormone

Question 15

How do steroids synthesize protein?

Answer 15

via a process called direct gene activation

Question 16

What regulates most of the hormone?

Answer 16

Negative Feedback System

Question 17

How does nonsteroid hormones travel and work in the body?

Answer 17

Binds to receptors on the cell membrane, which triggers a second messenger within the cell, which in turn triggers numerous cellular processes

Question 18

Hormones of the pituitary gland: ANTERIOR LOBE

Answer 18

Growth hormone, 
Thyrotropin,
Follicle-stimulating hormone,
Luteinizing hormone,
Prolactin,
Adrenocorticotropin

Question 19

Hormones of the pituitary gland: POSTERIOR LOBE

Answer 19

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

Question 20

What are the effects of growth hormone?

Answer 20

Promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy by facilitating amino acid transport
Directly stimulates fat metabolism (lipolysis)

Question 21

When are levels of growth hormone elevated?

Answer 21

During aerobic exercise in proportion to exercise intensity

Question 22

Hormones of the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Calcitonin

Question 23

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 23

Decreases plasma calcium concentration

Acts primarily on bones and kidneys

Question 24

Parathyroid gland hormone?

Answer 24

Parathyroid hormone

Question 25

What does PTH (Parathyroid Hormone) do?

Answer 25

Regulates plasma calcium and plasma phosphate concentrations by targeting the bones, intestines, and kidneys

Question 26

Adrenal Medulla hormones?

Answer 26

Catecholamines (epinephrine and nonepinephrine) Mineralocorticoids (includes aldosterone) Glucocorticoids (includes cortisol) Gonadocorticoids (includes androgens, estrogens, and progesterones)

Question 27

Catecholamines helps stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to help with what?

Answer 27

Prepare you for immediate action

Question 28

Catecholamines increases what?

Answer 28

``` Rate & force of heart contraction Blood pressure Respiration Metabolic rate Glycogenolysis Release of glucose & FFA into blood ```

Question 29

How does catecholamine allow more blood to go to the skeletal muscles?

Answer 29

Through vasodilation and vasoconstriction of specific vessels

Question 30

What does mineralocorticoids do?

Answer 30

Maintain electrolyte balance in extracellular fluid

Question 31

What does glucocorticoids do?

Answer 31

Maintain consistent plasma glucose levels between meals

Question 32

What does gonadocorticoids do?

Answer 32

Released in addition to those released by reproductive organs but in lesser amounts

Question 33

What are the hormones of the pancreas?

Answer 33

Insulin and glucagon

Question 34

What does insulin do?

Answer 34

secreted when glucose plasma levels are elevated (hyperglycemia)

Question 35

What does glucagon do?

Answer 35

Secreted when plasma glucose concentrations are below normal (hypoglycemia)

Question 36

What are the reproductive hormones?

Answer 36

Estrogen Androgen (i.e. testosterone) Progesterone

Question 37

Hormones released by kidneys?

Answer 37

erythropoietin and renin

Question 38

What does renin do?

Answer 38

it is a hormone and enzyme involved in blood pressure control and fluid & electrolyte balance

Question 39

What does erythropoietin do?

Answer 39

Regulates red blood cell production by stimulating bone marrow Important in our adaptation to training and altitude

Question 40

Hormones that increase glucose metabolism

Answer 40

Glucagon Epinephrine Nonepinephrine Cortisol

Question 41

What happens when your carbohydrate reserves are low?

Answer 41

The hormones accelerate the oxidation of fat to ensure that your muscles have enough energy to use.

Question 42

What does androgens do?

Answer 42

Produces androgenic characteristics during puberty Builds muscle, bone mass, strength, & libido in men Increase protein synthesis

Question 43

How do you increase androgens?

Answer 43

Increase by exercise/resistance training | Endurance training results in no change or decrease

Question 44

What do estrogens do?

Answer 44

Menstrual cycle in women

Question 45

What is menstrual cycle?

Answer 45

Monthly bleeding for 3-5 days Shedding of lining of uterus Prepares women's body for pregnancy each month

Question 46

What is ovulation?

Answer 46

day 14 of 28, egg leaves ovary, is transported to uterus via fallopian tube

Question 47

what is Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 47

painful period with severe cramping

Question 48

What is amenorrhea?

Answer 48

Lack of mentrual period

Question 49

Possible causes of amenorrhea?

Answer 49

pregnancy, breast feeding, extreme weight loss, eating disorder, stress, excessive exercise

Question 50

What is menorrhagia?

Answer 50

Prolonged (>7days) menstrual bleeding with clots

Question 51

What is premenstrual syndrome? (PMS)

Answer 51

Highly variable symptoms 7-14 days before period | Exercise might diminish symptoms

Question 52

What is Insulin-Like Growth Factors?

Answer 52

Super family of peptides | Major forms: IGF-I and IGF-II

Question 53

Where are Insulin-Like Growth Factors secreted from?

Answer 53

Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine releases

Question 54

What are the functions of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors?

Answer 54

Have important anabolic functions for muscle and bone Have 6 known binding proteins Signals for protein synthesis Exercise response and adaptations

Question 55

What are the functions of binding proteins?

Answer 55

Extend half-life of IGFs in circulation Transport IGFs to target cells Help modulate biological actions of IGFs

Question 56

What is the nickname of adrenal gland?

Answer 56

"Fight or flight" gland

Question 57

Where is adrenal gland located?

Answer 57

On top of the kidney

Question 58

What are the two functional parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 58

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla