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Anatomy 202 > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

This reaction manufactures glucose from H2O and CO2

A
  • photosynthesis
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2
Q

Gonads are reproductive organs that produce

A

*androgens, estrogens, and progesterone

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3
Q

Which of the following hormone(s) increases sodium reabsorption at the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • estrogen

* aldosterone

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4
Q

What protein needs to be present for testosterone to have an effect on the spermatogonia?

A
  • ABP

* testosterone

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5
Q

The cardiovascular system is critical for regulation of

A

*internal body temperature

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6
Q

These cells contribute to the acidic pH of the vagina.

A

*bacterial cells

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7
Q

ADH

A

b) is released when blood osmolarity increases
c) is circulating when you have a sensation of thirst
a. released by the posterior pituitary gland

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8
Q

The inner layer of the uterine wall is called the

A

*endometrium

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system?

A

*production of zygotes

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10
Q

Theca cells (specialized follicular cells) produce ________.

A

*estrogen

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11
Q

Which of the following hormones target other endocrine glands?

A

b) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

c) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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12
Q

Release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is suppressed by

A

*Gonadotropin inhibiting hormone

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13
Q

Mature sperm cells (spermatozoa)

A

b) are non- mitotic
c) have full motility when they reach a vagina
a) have a n complement of chromosomes

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14
Q

Increased CO2 levels in the tissues

A
  • promote local vasodilation of precapillary sphincters

* indicates increased metabolism

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15
Q

Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) is secreted from the ___________ to allow ___________ to have an effect on spermatogenesis.

A

*sustentacular (nurse) cells; testosterone

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16
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) release

A

a) is controlled by the frequency of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) release
b) promotes spermatogenesis

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17
Q

Cardiac myofibers can utilize which of the following substrates?

A

*glucose, lactate, lipids

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18
Q

Increased sympathetic stimulation causes the release of ________ from the _________.

A

*epinephrine, adrenal medulla

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19
Q

This _______cell differentiates into a plasma cell and produces ___________ when activated.

A

*B-cells; antibodies

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20
Q

To balance the red blood cells electrical gradient, as HCO3- flows out, and Cl- flows in to balance the charge. Does this exchange occur at the alveoli or at the tissues?

A

*the tissues

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21
Q

Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate peak during the

A

*climax (orgasm)

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22
Q

The cephalic phase of digestion is characterized by

A

*b) a short duration neural response triggered by the sight, smell, or taste of food.

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23
Q

Counter-current multiplication accomplishes which of the following?

A

*b) a hypertonic interstitium that favors movement of water out of the nephron

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24
Q

A chief cell produces a substance called __________ and is triggered by ________

A

*pepsinogen; alkaline stomach pH

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25
Q

The blood-testes barrier

A

*prevents antibodies from attacking the developing spermatocytes

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26
Q

This gland is not found in the female

A

*prostate gland

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27
Q

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

A
  • testosterone
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28
Q

When it is cold, the _____________ contracts and draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm.

A

*cremaster muscle

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29
Q

A follicle is

A

*an oocyte enclosed in follicular or granulosa cells

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30
Q

Which of these blood hormone levels reaches its maximum during the luteal phase of the uterine cycle?

A
  • progesterone
31
Q

The internal female genitalia include the

A

*vagina

32
Q

The term menstrual cycle specifically refers to

A

*the cyclic changes in the uterus determined by shifting hormonal changes.

33
Q

The external female genitalia include the

A
  • clitoris
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
34
Q

The first cell of the future offspring is called the

A

*zygote

35
Q

After expelling the oocyte, the follicle becomes the ____________ and secretes __________.

A

*corpus luteum; progesterone

36
Q

After puberty, the vaginal lining becomes _________ to ________.

A

*stratified squamous epithelium; resist abrasion

37
Q

Why is fluid movement into a capillary greater at the venous end?

A

*because capillary osmotic pressure is higher at the venous end

38
Q

The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle begins

A

*when Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) levels rise

39
Q

Which of the following are functions of the vagina?

A
  • it receives the penis and holds the sperm

* it is a passage to eliminate menstrual fluids

40
Q

The spike in Luteinizing Hormone before ovulation is accomplished by

A

*rising estrogen levels

41
Q

Which of the following are ducts of the male reproductive tract?

A
  • vas deferens

* epididymis

42
Q

rising estrogen =____ =_____

A
  • rising GnRH

* rising LH

43
Q

What kind of tissue is in the corpus cavernosum?

A

*spongy connective tissue

44
Q

What produces testosterone?

A

*interstitial cell

45
Q

What hormone turns on the sustentacular cells?

A

*FSH

46
Q

WHat hormone turns on the interstitial cells?

A

*LH

47
Q

What are some secondary sex characteristic for males?

A 
*Hair follicle (face, groin, arm-pit)
Skeletal muscle (ligament, tendon)
Vocal chord (increase length, and thickness) 
Stimulates protein synthesis 
More red blood cells (erythropoiesis) 
Stimulate libido 
Sperm production
48
Q

What is in the acrosome of sperm?

A

*enzymes

49
Q

What are the fluids in semen?

A

*60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, and 10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions

50
Q

What encourages smooth muscle contractions?

A

*prostaglandins

51
Q

What are the two requirements for sperm motility?

A

1) Prostatic fluid buffers vaginal acidity from pH 3.5 to 7.5
2) Seminal vesicles provide fructose and other sugars to the mitochondria

52
Q

What are the phases of the male climax?

A
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
53
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A
  1. Produce and maintain Ova
  2. Transport cells to the site of fertilization
  3. Provide favorable environment for fertilization
  4. Move offspring to the outside (birth)
  5. Produce female hormones (Estrogens and Progesterone)
54
Q

What cells produce estrogen?

A

*thecal

55
Q

As a cell turns into the corpus luteum what is produced?

A

*progesterone

56
Q

What spike causes ovulation?

A

*LH

57
Q

What starts the development of the follicle?

A

*FSH

58
Q

How many pulses is stage 1,2, and 3, of the GnRH levels?

A

1: 16-24
2: 36
3: 1-5

59
Q

What are the effects of estrogen at puberty?

A
  1. Promote oogenesis and follicle growth
  2. Anabolism of endometrium
  3. Maturation of external genitalia (fat, hair, breast tissue)
  4. Wider pelvis
  5. Growth
60
Q

What are the effects of progesterone?

A
  1. Promotes endometrial changes for secretory phase…increased blood supply and glands
  2. Regulates uterine cycle
61
Q

What are the phases in the ovarian cycle?

A
  • follicular

* luteal

62
Q

WHat are the phases in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • proliferative

* secretory

63
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  1. Mechanical Protection of embryo
  2. Nutritional support of embryo
  3. Waste removal (via placenta)
  4. Birth
64
Q

How much blood and serous fluid is expelled during the menstrual cycle?

A

*40mL of blood and 35 mL of serous fluid

65
Q

What does the blood in the menstrual cycle contain?

A

*fibrinolysin so it doesn’t clot

66
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  1. passage to eliminate menstrual fluid
  2. receives penis and holds sperm
  3. lower portion of the birth canal
67
Q

What kind of muscle is in the mucosal layer of the vagina?

A

*stratified squamous

68
Q

What is the pH of the vagina?

A

*acidic

69
Q

What is the vestibular gland for?

A

*lubrication

70
Q

steroid hormones?

A
  • are lipid soluble

* often cause the synthesis of mRNA

71
Q

LH

A
  • is released from the anterior pituitary
  • targets the ovary
  • induces ovulation
72
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • is a steroid hormone secreted from the cortex of the adrenal gland
  • made of modified cholesterol
  • lipid soluble
73
Q

what secretes an alkaline secretion prior to sperm coming through, and to neutralize acidic urine?

A

*bulbourethral gland

74
Q

Which of the following are examples of hormone responses?

A

a) a decrease in membrane permeability
b) an increase in protein synthesis (steroid hormone)
c) an increase in cell division

Anatomy 202 (4 decks)

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