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Anatomy 202 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Regulate volume, composition, and pH of body fluids. (Water Volume and Osmotic balance)
  • Elimination of drugs, food additives, and nitrogenous wastes (metabolic waste).
  • Endocrine—-Release of compounds into blood to regulate Ca++ absorption, blood pressure, and erythrocyte formation.
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2
Q

What is the primary way to control pH?

A

*lungs

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3
Q

What is any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs?

A

*waste

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4
Q

What is waste substance produced by the body?

A

*metabolic waste

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5
Q

How is urea formed?

A

*Proteins–> amino acids –> NH2 removed –> forms ammonia, liver converts to urea

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6
Q

What is a Product of nucleic acid catabolism?

A

*uric acid

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7
Q

What is a product of creatine phosphate catabolism?

A

*creatinine

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8
Q

What is separation of wastes from body fluids and the elimination of them?

A

*excretion

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9
Q

What are the four body systems carried out by excretion?

A
  • respiratory system
  • integumentary system
  • digestive system
  • urinary system
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10
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

*outside of abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal)

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11
Q

What is the storage organ?

A

*urinary bladder

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12
Q

What kind of tissue is in the kidney?

A

*epithelium

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13
Q

What kind of tissue is the capsule?

A
  • connective (very thick)

* doesn’t stretch

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14
Q

What structures collects urine/ filtrate?

A

*major and minor calyx

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15
Q

What is just a bundle of tubules?

A

*renal pyramid

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16
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

*about 1.2 million nephrons

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17
Q

What is a nephron?

A

*smallest functional unit of kidney

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18
Q

What filters the blood plasma?

A

*renal corpuscle

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19
Q

What is a long coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine?

A

*renal tubule

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20
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consists of?

A

*of the glomerulus and a two-layered glomerular (Bowman) capsule that encloses glomerulus

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21
Q

What is the outer layer of Bownman capsule called and what is the tissue?

A
  • Parietal

* simple squamous

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22
Q

What is the inner layer of Bowman capsule called and what cells are in it?

A
  • visceral

* of elaborate cells called podocytes that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus

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23
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical nephron

* juxtamedullary nephron

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24
Q

What nephron is about 85% of all nephrons?

A

*cortical

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25
Q

Which nephron has a very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and helps conserve water?

A

*juxtamedullary nephron

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26
Q

When fluid moves out of the blood and into Bowmans capsule what is it called?

A

*filtrate

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27
Q

What does the kidney have major control over?

A

*blood pressure

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28
Q

What separates the two layers of Bowman capsule?

A

*capsular space

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29
Q

Which loop is very thin?

A

*descending loop

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30
Q

Where does the collecting duct empty into?

A

*ureter

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31
Q

Does tubular reabsorption use energy?

A

*yes

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32
Q

What are the rules of the kidney?

A

*water follows solute, water flows bet through thinnest membrane, and water move passively (osmosis)

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33
Q

What is the goal of the kidney?

A

*move the solute around

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34
Q

What kind of control is the collecting duct under?

A

*hormonal control

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35
Q

Capillaries are what?

A

*fenestrated (easy to get fluid out under pressure)

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36
Q

What is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of the medullary pyramid?

A

*renal (uriniferous) tubule

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37
Q

What are the four regions the renal tubule is divided into?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule: parts of one nephron
  • Collecting duct receives fluid from many nephrons
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38
Q

What arises from glomerular capsule?

A

*PCT

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39
Q

What is the longest and most coiled region of the renal tubule?

A

*PCT

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40
Q

What tissue is in the PCT?

A

*simple cuboidal with microvilli for absorption

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41
Q

What tubule has a lot of blood supply?

A

*PCT

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42
Q

What is very leaky?

A

*capillary

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43
Q

What is the amount of glomerular filtration pressure (GFP)?

A

*50mm out

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44
Q

What is the amount of glomerular osmotic pressure (GOP)?

A

*25mm in

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45
Q

What won’t cross?

A

*albumin and formed elements

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46
Q

What is the amount of capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

*15mm

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47
Q

What is the total net force out of the renal tubule?

A

*10mm

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48
Q

If you squeeze down on efferent what happens to the pressure?

A

*goes up

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49
Q

If you squeeze down on the afferent what happens to the pressure?

A

*goes down

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50
Q

How much filtrate do you make in a day?

A

180L day (125mL/minute)

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51
Q

What is the goal to get back?

A

*glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals (get back 100% of these, 65% of water follows)

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52
Q

What is a long U-shaped portion of renal tubule?

A

*nephron loop (loop of henle)

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53
Q

What kind of tissue is in the thick and thin segments?

A
  • simple cuboidal in thick

* simple squamous in thin

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54
Q

What kind of tissue is in the DCT?

A

*cuboidal without microvilli

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55
Q

In the descending limb what moves easily?

A

*water moves easily but salt does not (permeable to water, impermeable to salt)

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56
Q

What is the ascending limb permeable to?

A

*impermeable to water, active salt pumps (move salt out, Na Cl follows)

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57
Q

What begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex?

A

*DCT

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58
Q

Which tubule is shorter and less coiled?

A

*DCT

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59
Q

What is being pushed through at a constant rate?

A

*salty solution (solutes)

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60
Q

What is the first step in PCT and describe it?

A
  • reabsorb

* put back vitamins, glucose and amino acids (good stuff)

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61
Q

What is the counter current multiplier process?

A

*multiply salt concentrations

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62
Q

No water comes out in what?

A

*ascending loop

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63
Q

If fluid moves through at a constant rate and water moves out of the descending loop what happens?

A
  • move toward NaCl fluid in the tube

* becomes more salty

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64
Q

On the ascending loop Na and Cl come out into ECF and what happens to the fluid in the tube?

A

*more dilute fluid

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65
Q

What is a counter current?

A

*blood goes down at one temperature and then it comes back up at a warmer/same temperature

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66
Q

Where is the counter current exchanger?

A

*in efferent tube (water will want to flow into this capillary, albumin and proteins are present here (osmotic force, hydrostatic pressure as well))

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67
Q

In the counter current multiplier if the number in the DCT is lower than 100 what would that indicate?

A

*the pumps are getting all the salt

68
Q

What hormone affects the DCT, and what effect does it have?

A

*aldosterone (released by kidney, and turns up the salt pumps, secretion of waste products)

69
Q

What does it mean that we can control the pH of the kidney?

A

*secretion of waste products (H+ means that we can control pH with kidney)

70
Q

What are Na pumps effected by and what is its effect?

A
  • estrogen

* makes you retain even more water

71
Q

What is the collecting duct effected by and what is the response?

A
  • ADH (posterior pituitary, driven by hypothalamus, targets collecting tubule)
  • creates a permeable membrane
72
Q

What is the collecting duct the last change for?

A

*water reabsorption

73
Q

On a cold day, what happens to the vessels?

A

*vasocontrict= faster flow (have to pee more)

74
Q

When you drink a gallon of fluid what happens?

A

*increase the pressure, fluid moves faster (can’t pump out all salt, or retain all the good stuff, makes you produce more urine)

75
Q

What is the glomerulous?

A
  • involved in autoregulation

* monitors the osmolality of DCT

76
Q

If the pressure is too low what will happen?

A

*these will close and hard to get back open

77
Q

What is in the DCT?

A

*cuboidal epithelium, macula densa (osmoreceptors- looking for 100mmHg, release chemical that adjust the diameter of afferent arteriole (local control))

78
Q

What is renal autoregulation of blood pressure?

A

*filtration pressure

79
Q

The distal tubule and collecting duct regulate what?

A

*pH

80
Q

The 10mm is what type of pressure?

A

*hydrostatic

81
Q

What are the good stuff we want to get back in the PCT?

A
  • glucose
  • vitamins
  • amino acids
82
Q

What is the loop responsible for?

A

*counter current multiplier

83
Q

What is the vasa recta responsible for?

A

*counter current exchange

84
Q

What kind of muscle is surrounding the afferent and efferent tubule?

A

*smooth muscle (only responds to sympathetic stimulation)

85
Q

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of?

A
  • macula densa

* juxtaglomerular cells

86
Q

What kind of receptors are in the distal tube?

A

*osmoreceptors expect to see about 100 momos

87
Q

What do the macula densa release?

A

*paracrine chemical

88
Q

What does paracrine chemical do?

A
  • local control

* get vasoconstriction

89
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells release?

A

*chemical renin (enzyme)

90
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells?

A
  • smooth muscle cells
  • stretch receptors
  • endocrine cells
91
Q

What is the ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or hormonal) control?

A

*renal autoregulation

92
Q

What are the two methods of autoregulation?

A

*myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

93
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

*you will have a response in smooth muscle

94
Q

What does renal autoregulation enable you to maintain?

A

*a relatively stable GFR in spite of changes in systemic arterial blood pressure

95
Q

If high blood pressure the 100mOmos in the macula densa would be higher then what does that mean?

A

*things are moving very fast

96
Q

What are the two kinds of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • macula densa

* juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

97
Q

What senses variations in flow or fluid composition and secretes a paracrine that stimulates JG cells?

A

*macula densa

98
Q

What enlarged smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole directly across from macula densa?

A

*JG cells

99
Q

When stimulated by the macula the JG cells do what?

A

*constrict the arterioles

100
Q

What does the liver create?

A

*angiotensinogen

101
Q

What is angiotensinogen?

A

*protein dissolved in blood

102
Q

During low blood pressure what do the JG cells release?

A

*renin

103
Q

What is angiotensin I?

A

*active protein that is a vasoconstrictor

104
Q

IN the lining of the lung there is what?

A

*ACE (angiotensin I to lung –> done by ACE to angiotensin II

105
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A
  • most potent vasoconstrictor your body can make

* lowers BP

106
Q

What does angiotensin II effect?

A

*hypothalamus which releases ADH and that makes you collect more water

107
Q

At the adrenal cortex what gets released?

A

*aldosterone

108
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

*on DCT it retains salt, attract more water (estrogen does the same thing), also causes selective vasocontraction on efferent tube

109
Q

Where is CAH found?

A

*RBC, cerebrospinal fluid, and PCT and DCT

110
Q

What do you save if you need to be more alkaline?

A

*bicarb

111
Q

What is the ureter surrounded by?

A

*smooth muscle (involves parastolysis)

112
Q

What is the lumen surrounded by?

A

*transitional epithelium (stretches)

113
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

*smooth (under autonomic, parasympathetic opens sphincter)

114
Q

What type of muscle is the internal sphincter?

A

*smooth muscle

115
Q

What type of muscle is the external sphincter?

A

*skeletal muscle

116
Q

How much liquid can the bladder hold?

A

*half a liter

117
Q

WHat kind of control do we have over the external sphincter?

A

*somatic control

118
Q

The JG cells constrict what?

A

*afferent arteriole

119
Q

The osmolarity of the distal convoluted tubule filtrate is 220 mOsmols. This condition indicates _________ glomerular filtration rate, which will be adjusted by ________.

A

*An increased; constriction of the afferent arteriole

120
Q

What are the five stages of digestion?

A

*ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation

121
Q

In order to digest a carb it has to get down into what form?

A

*monomer

122
Q

What are the two forms of mechanical digestion?

A
  • chewing and mixing of food (segmentation and peristalsis)

* chemical digestion

123
Q

What does chemical digestion use?

A

*HCl

124
Q

What is segmentation done by?

A

*circular muscle (mixes)

125
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • moving food down the tube (in a direction)

* mechanical mixing (ability to move something, parasympathetic keeps things moving)

126
Q

What type of tissue is in mucosa layer?

A

*stratified squamous, nonketeranized, mucous membrane (keep wet with goblet cells)

127
Q

What does the submucosa do?

A

*bring in blood supply, lymphatics and blood vessels

128
Q

What kind of tissue is in the muscular layer?

A

*circular layer, longitudinal layer (both are smooth)

129
Q

What is in the serosa layer?

A

*visceral and parietal peritoneum

130
Q

What does the mouth have the ability to begin?

A

*mechanical and chemical digestion

131
Q

What is the easiest thing to digest?

A

*carbohydrates

132
Q

What does the salivary gland have?

A

*serous and mucous cells

133
Q

What does mucous cells secrete?

A

*thick mucous

134
Q

What do serous cells secrete?

A

*amalyse

135
Q

What does amalyse do?

A

*carb breakdown

136
Q

What kind of tissue is in the esophagus?

A

*stratified squamous, non keratinized

137
Q

Once you reach the esophagus food becomes what?

A

*bolus

138
Q

What are the stomach functions?

A
  • store bolus (1-2 hours)
  • mechanical digestion (3 layers)
  • chemical (gastric juice, HCl)
  • production of intrinsic factor (for vitamin b absorption)
139
Q

What do the mucous cells secrete?

A

*alkaline (protect lining against HCl)

140
Q

What do gastro endocrine cell/ enteroendocrine cell (G cells) secrete?

A

*secrete gastrin and histamine (from mast cells), these increase more secretion and increase parasympathetic stimulation (increase gastric secretion)

141
Q

What do the parietal cells have?

A

*good blood supply, has carbonic anhydrase (CAH) which has the ability to pump H+ ion into lumen in stomach (Cl shift) and puts the bicarb back in the blood (have alkaline blood supply which is taken to liver, called alkaline tide)

142
Q

What is the alkaline tide?

A

*right after you eat the blood coming is rich in bicarb

143
Q

What do chief cells create?

A

*creates on demand pepsinogen (non-active protein, but in the present of HCl you get pepsin)

144
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

*actively breaks down your proteins (acts to break protein)

145
Q

increase alkalinity =

A

*increases secretions and motility

146
Q

Stretch receptors increase what?

A

*secretion

147
Q

What are the 3 phases of digestion?

A

*cephalic, gastric, intestinal

148
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

*(refers to brain, short term phase, start of digestion, sight, sound, smell, start secretions start mobility through parasympathetic stimulation),

149
Q

What is the gastric phase?

A

*(dominated by stretch receptors, afferent upon filling to increase secretion (gastric juice) and motility, tells your hypothalamus you are full)

150
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A
  • absorption
  • brings in G cells, small amount of chyme (very acidic) into the small intestine, G-cells in small intestine secretes cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin
151
Q

What does CCK and secretin do?

A

*shut off the first two phases and propel everything into the small intestine (initiate the absorption phase, start absorption by starting secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder)

152
Q

What does the liver do?

A
  • detoxify food
  • deamination (NH2 group being removed) and transamination
  • glucose metabolism
  • vitamin storage
  • bile
153
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

*duodenum (secretions occur), jejunum (absorption), ileum (feces)

154
Q

What does the duodenum have?

A

*glands called Brunner’s glands (secrete a heavily alkaline mucus)

155
Q

What are the components to bile?

A

*pigments, electrolytes, cholesterol, bile salts

156
Q

WHat are bile salts?

A

*emulsifiers, help increase SA, break down into triglyceride which can be absorbed

157
Q

What does the gall bladder store?

A

*a concentrate bile

158
Q

What does the pancreas have?

A
  • one enzyme for lipids, proteins, and carbs (3 enzymes: lipase for fat, amylase for carbs, protease for amino acids)
159
Q

How does glucose get into cells and into the blood?

A

*facilitated diffusion

160
Q

HOw do amino acids get in the cell and blood?

A

*active transport

161
Q

How does water get into the blood and cell?

A

*osmosis and pinocytosis

162
Q

How do we absorb fats?

A

*triglyceride (get in as simple diffusion), it is coated with a protein (chylomicron, protein shell), then goes to golgi where the chylomicrons are put in a vesicle, then vesicle is taken to membrane and the chylomicrons are emptied into environment (exocytosis)

163
Q

WHere do fats go?

A

*go to lymph node (to decide if it is toxic or not), everything else goes to liver

164
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Reabsorb H2O
  • Compact material
  • Absorb vitamins liberated by digestion
  • Storage of fecal material
165
Q

What sphincter do you have control over?

A

*external

Anatomy 202 (4 decks)

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