FINAL EXAM Flashcards
1
Q
Lesson 1
A
2
Q
Who are the the 9 philosophers
A
- Socrates
- Plato
- Augustine
- Thomas Aquinas
- Rene Descartes
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Gilbert Ryle
- Merleau- Ponty
3
Q
First to systematically question the self; considered this the philosopher’s true task: to “know oneself.”
A
Socrates
4
Q
Built on Socrates’ ideas, emphasizing the dual nature of body and soul.
A
Plato
5
Q
Believed every man comprises two aspects: body (imperfect, impermanent) and soul (perfect, permanent), highlighting the dualistic nature of human existence.
A
Socrates
6
Q
Identified three components of the soul: Rational soul, Spririted Soul, and Appetitive Soul
A
Plato
7
Q
Asserted that justice within a person is achieved when these components work harmoniously
A
Plato
8
Q
Socrates was the first to systematically question the self; considered this the philosopher’s true task: to “______.”
A
know oneself
9
Q
Socrates believed that every man is comprised od two aspects:
A
body and soul
10
Q
He highlights the dualistic nature of human
A
socrates
11
Q
What are the 3 components od the soul acording to Plato
A
- Rational Soul
- Spirited Soul
- Appetitive Soul
12
Q
Identify
- Rational Soul- Governs___
- Spirited Soul- Governs_____
- Appetitive Soul- Governs____
A
- Reason
- Emotions
- Desires
13
Q
Combined Plato’s philosophy with Christian doctrine.
A
St. Augustine
14
Q
Saw humans as having a bifurcated nature
A
Augustine
15
Q
Incorporated Aristotle’s ideas, distinguishing between matter (body) and form (soul).
A
Thomas Aquinas
16
Q
Acording to him
A
Augustine
17
Q
According to him The soul animates the body and distinguishes humans from animals
A
Thomas Aquinas
18
Q
A worldly, imperfect aspect yearning for the Divine
A
Augustine
19
Q
Thomas Aquinas Incorporated Aristotle’s ideas, distinguishing between _____(body) and ____ (soul).
A
matter and form
20
Q
St. Augustine Saw humans as having a ____
A
bifurcated nature
21
Q
Known as the Father of Modern Philosophy
A
Rene Descartes
22
Q
Descartes saw humans as a union of _____and _____.
A
mind
body
23
Q
Advocated for radical doubt and established the famous statement: “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am).
A
Rene Descartes
24
Q
Rejected the traditional view of the self as a fixed entity.
A
David Hume
25
Proposed that the self is a bundle of impressions and perceptions in constant flux.
David Hume
26
Defined the self as a "thinking thing" that doubts, understands, imagines, and perceives
Rene Descartes
27
Proposed that the self is a bundle of _____ and _____ in constant flux.
impressions
perceptions or ideas
28
Differentiated between impressions (direct sensory experiences) and ideas (copies of impressions, less vivid)
David Hume
29
Critiqued Hume, asserting that impressions are organized by an active mind.
Immanuel Kant
30
Denied the existence of a non-physical, internal self.
Gilbert Ryle
31
Saw the self as essential for organizing experiences and synthesizing knowledge.
Immanuel Kant
32
Defined the self as the seat of knowledge acquisition and personality
Immanuel Kant
33
Emphasized observable behavior as the essence of a person
Gilbert Ryle
34
Immanuel Kant Critiqued Hume, asserting that impressions are organized by an_____
active mind.
35
Gilbert ryle Emphasized observable ____as the essence of a person
behavior
36
Criticized Cartesian dualism, emphasizing the intertwined nature of mind and body.
Merleau-Ponty
37
Argued that all experiences are embodied and the body is central to existence
Merleau-Ponty
38
Merlou Ponty Criticized Cartesian dualism, emphasizing the______ nature of____ and _______.
intertwined
mind and body
39
Lesson 2
40
The self is characterized as 5
1. Separate
2. Self-Contained and Independent
3. Consistent
4. Unitary
5. Private
41
Distinct and unique from others.
Separate
42
Exists on its own, with its own thoughts and volition.
Self-contained and Independent
43
Possesses enduring traits and characteristics.
Consistent
44
Central to all experiences and thoughts.
Unitary
45
Processes emotions and thoughts internally, inaccessible to others.
Private
46
The self is not _____ but is constantly shaped by interactions with society.
static
47
Anthropologist _____ explains the self through two components: Moi and Personne
Marcel Mauss
48
A person’s basic identity, body, and biological givenness.
Moi
49
Socially influenced identity shaped by roles, norms, and expectations.
Personne
50
According to ____ Language and social interactions are central to developing the self.
Mead and Vygotsky
51
____ is a significant aspect of the self, subject to societal expectations and cultural norms.
Gender
52
____ should be personally discovered and expressed rather than dictated by society.
Gender identity
53
This process is essential for self-determination and personal growth.
Self- discovery
54
Lesson 3
55
He proposed the 2 aspects of the self which is the "I" and the "Me"
William James
56
The thinking, acting, and feeling self.
I
57
Physical and psychological characteristics that define identity.
Me
58
Carl Rogers (1959) defined the "I" as the ___ and the "Me" as the _________
actor
Object of thought
59
Includes personal traits, social roles, responsibilities, and affiliations.
Identity
60
What comes to mind when asked, "Who are you?" It reflects past, present, and future roles and characteristics.
Self-concept
61
Argues that the self is created and developed through human interaction
Symbolic Interactionism
62
Plays a critical role in forming self-concept by providing social identity based on group membership.
Social Interaction
63
2 types of self-awareness
1. Private Self
2. Public Self
64
Internal thoughts and feelings.
Private Self
65
Public image crafted for social presentation.
Public Self
66
3 types of Self-schema
1. Actual Self
2. Ideal Self
3. Ought Self
67
Identify
Self-Schema:
Actual Self: Who you____
Ideal Self: Who you ____
Ought Self: Who you ____
1. are now.
2. want to be.
3. think you should be.
68
____ can guide actions positively (e.g., studying instead of playing games) or negatively, depending on circumstances.
Self-awareness
69
Positive or negative evaluation of oneself, influenced by social relationships.
Self-esteem
70
Learning about oneself and behaviors by comparing with others.
Social Comparison Theory
71
Feeling threatened when outperformed by someone close.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
72
Defined as "overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness"
Narcissism
73
____ prioritize self-image, seeking better relationships and admiration, but may be unreliable romantic partners or friends due to self-serving motives.
Narcissists
74
Lesson 4: About Eastern and Western
75
Represents Asia
Eastern Perspective
76
Represents Europe and Northern America.
Western Perspective
77
Focused on ethical conduct and harmonious social relationships
Confucianism
78
Advocates living in harmony with the Tao (the universe).
Taoism
79
The self is intertwined with community identity, sharing in collective pride or failure.
Confucianism
80
Rejects rigid definitions and hierarchy, favoring a simple, balanced lifestyle.
Taoism
81
Views the self as an illusion, a source of suffering born from ignorance and attachment.
Buddhism
82
Renouncing the self and its cravings leads to Nirvana.
Buddhism
83
____ is the purpose of life, emphasizing a "subdued self" where personal needs are repressed for societal harmony.
Self-cultivation
84
Society is hierarchical, maintaining order and balance
Confucianism
85
The ideal self emphasizes selflessness, equality, and interconnectedness, avoiding egocentric ideas and prejudices
Taoism
86
The self is removed from focus entirely in favor of overcoming attachments and achieving liberation
Buddhism
87
The self is situated within a larger context of community and harmony.
Eastern Perspective
88
The interconnectedness of all beings is emphasized over individuality.
Eastern Perspective
89
Focuses on individuality and Self-developmetn
Western Perspective
90
It has dualistic view
Western Perspective
91
Self-evaluation often highlights personal attributes and achievements.
Western Perspective
92
Personal development is for the benefit of others, not to elevate oneself.
Eastern Perspective
93
_____ emphasize personal qualities, while ______ emphasize social roles and relationships
Americans
Asians
94
Promotes individualism and values competition and equality.
Western Perspective
95
Encourages fairness in competition but prioritizes personal success over group harmony.
Western Perspective
96
______ often address seniors by first names, reflecting a value for equality.
______ use respectful terms, maintaining hierarchy and social order.
Westerners
Easterners
97
Individualistic, prioritizes personal needs and achievements.
Western Culture
98
Collectivistic, emphasizes group welfare, harmony, and cooperation.
Eastern Culture
99
Lesson 5: about physical Self
100
Includes face, body structure, height, weight, and their valuation/perception.
Physical Features
101
Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Heredity
102
Carry the specific information that determines traits.
Genes
103
_____ is refers to specific information embedded within one’s genes
Genotype
104
_____ the physical expression of a particular trait. It can be directly observed
Phenotype
105
______ 23 pairs, with the 23rd determining sex.
Chromosomes
106
Increase perceived attractiveness and healthiness.
Symmetry and Proportion
107
Personal and societal perceptions of one’s body, feelings about physical appearance, and societal views.
Body Image
108
Unrealistic images dominate ____, portraying "perfect" women (e.g., slim waists, flawless skin) and men (e.g., six-pack abs).
media
109
____ cause dissatisfaction and foster prejudice against body diversity.
Unrealistic expectations
110
Lesson 6- sexual sefl
111
____ define sex (male or female) and secondary sexual characteristics.
Sex chromosomes
112
form by the eighth week of embryonic development.
Gonads
113
_____ stages show no differentiation (indifferent stage). The presence or absence of testosterone determines male or female development.
Early
114
______ Occurs between ages _____ when reproductive organs mature due to rising gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females).
Puberty
10–15
115
Growth of reproductive organs, pubic/axillary hair, and facial hair; marked by mature semen.
Males
116
Breast budding around age 11 and menarche (first menstrual period).
Female
117
Defined as understanding what it means to be masculine or feminine.
Sexual Identity
118
_____ play a role in self-definition, especially during adolescence
Gender stereotypes
119
3 components of Sexual Self
1. Sexual self-esteem
2. Sexual self-efficacy
3. Sexual self-image
120
Perception of worth as a sexual being.
Sexual self-esteem
121
Perception of control over sexual experiences.
Sexual self-efficacy
122
Beliefs about sexual needs.
Self-image
123
Defined as guidelines for expected behaviors in sexual situations, influencing thoughts, actions, and expectations in sexual interactions.
Sexual Scripts
124
Refers to variation in sexual orientation and gender identity.
Sexual Diversity
125
5 sexual diversity
1. Homosexuality
2. Heterosexuality
3. Bisexuality
4. Asexuality
5. LGBTQI
126
Attraction to the same sex.
Homosexual
127
Attraction to the opposite sex.
Heterosexual
128
Attraction to both sexes.
Bisexual
129
Lack of sexual attraction to any sex but may experience romantic feelings.
Asexual
130
LGBTQI meaning
Lesbian
Gay
Transgender/Transsexual
Queer/Questionaning
Intersexual
131
Women attracted to women.
Lesbian
132
Men attracted to men
Gay
133
Attraction to both sexes
Bisexual
134
Gender identity not aligning with biological sex.
Transgender
135
Non-heteronormative identities or exploration of sexual orientation.
Queer/Questioning
136
Individuals with both male and female anatomical traits.
Intersexual
137
Defined as activities inducing sexual arousal, influenced by genetics and societal factors.
Human Sexual Behavior
138
2 types of Human Sexual Behavior
1. Solitary Behavior
2. Sociosexual Behavior
139
Self-gratification or self-stimulation leads to sexual arousal and climax.
Solitary Behavior
140
Common during puberty and often accompanied by sexual fantasies.
Solitary Behavior
141
Heterosexual behavior involving physical interaction (e.g., necking, petting) develops as part of courtship and partner selection.
Sociosexual Behavior
142
Physiology of Human Sexual Response (4 phase)
1. Excitement Phase
2. Plateau Phase
3. Sexual Climax
4. Resolution Phase
143
Increased pulse, blood pressure, and muscle tension; genital and breast changes; and secretion of fluids.
Excitement Phase
144
Brief period leading to orgasm with continued stimulation.
Plateau Phase
145
Intense pleasure, rapid physiological responses, muscle spasms, and ejaculation in males or contractions in females.
Sexual Climax
146
Return to normal physiology. Males require a refractory period; females can experience multiple orgasms without rest.
Resolution Phase
147
Lesson 7- Sexual Self
148
Infections spread from person to person through intimate sexual contact.
STD / Sexual Transmitted Diseases
149
Hard to detect visually, Easily Spread
STD
150
____ teenagers has an STD
1-4
151
STD mosed of Transmission
1. Sexual Intercourse
2. Oral-genital Contact
3. Non-sexual ways
152
6 types of STD's
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis
4. Genital Warts and HPV
5. Genital Herpes
6. HIV/AIDS
153
Most prevalent bacterial STI in the United States.
Chlamydia
154
Symptoms overlap with Chlamydia; both may co-occur.
Gonorrhea
155
Common in individuals aged 15–19.
Chlamydia
156
Often silent but treatable. If untreated, can lead to severe complications.
Chlamydia
157
Affects the urethra, cervix, and sometimes rectum, uterus, and fallopian tubes.
Gonorrhea
158
Untreated cases may lead to infertility, pain, and joint problems.
Gonorrhea
159
Syphilis is diided into 3 stages
1. Primary stage
2. Secondary Stage
3. Tertiary Stage
160
Painless chancre on genitals, mouth, or surrounding areas.
Primary stage
161
Rash, sores, fever, and systemic symptoms.
Secondary Stage
162
Severe damage to organs, including the heart, bones, and brain.
Tertiary Stage
163
Over 100 types of _______(____) identified.
human papillomavirus (hpv)
164
Causes ____ and is linked to cervical cancer and other genital malignancies.
genital warts
165
Spread through sexual and skin-to-skin contact.
Genital Warts
166
Caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2).
Genital Herpes
167
Meaning of HSV
Herpes simplex viruses
168
Commonly causes oral sores but can infect genital areas.
HSV-1
169
Typically causes genital herpes.
HSV-2
170
Symptoms: Itching, pain, blisters, and open sores. Recurrent outbreaks may occur.
Genital Herpes
171
Spread through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, and rarely, infected blood or fluids.
HIV/AIDS
172
Symptoms appear after years and include susceptibility to life-threatening infections.
HIV/AIDs
173
Symptoms for STDS
174
Vaginal discharge, penile discharge, pelvic pain.
Chlamydia
175
Burning during urination, discharge, abdominal pain.
Gonorrhea
176
Clusters of warts around genitals or anus.
HPV
177
Pain, itching, blisters, fever, and recurrent outbreaks.
Genital Herpes
178
Lesson 8
179
7 Natural Methods of Contraception
1. Abstinence
2. Calendar Method (Rhythm Method)
3. Basal Body Temperature
4. Cervical Mucus Method
5. Symptothermal Method
6. Ovulation Detection
7. Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal)
180
_____ avoid introducing chemicals or foreign objects into the body, often preferred for religious or cost-related reasons.
Natural Methods
181
Involves refraining from sexual intercourse.
Abstinence
182
Most effective natural method with a 0% fail rate.
Abstinence
183
Effective for avoiding STIs but difficult to comply with.
Abstinence
184
Avoids coitus during fertile days.
Calendar Method
185
Tracks temperature changes due to ovulation.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
186
Fertile days: 3-4 days before and after ovulation.
Calendar Method
187
Abstain from coitus for three days after temperature rises.
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
188
Requires tracking menstrual cycles for six months.
Calendar Method (Rhythm Method)
189
Monitors changes in cervical mucus (copious, thin, slippery mucus indicates fertility).
Cervical Mucus Method
190
Combines BBT and cervical mucus methods.
Symptothermal Method
191
Abstain for three days after temperature rise or four days after mucus change.
Symptothermal Method
192
Uses over-the-counter kits to detect luteinizing hormone surge.
Ovulation Detection
193
Man withdraws before ejaculation.
Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal)
194
Fail rates
195
Typical fail rate: 25%.
Calendar Method (Rhythm Method)
Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
Cervical Mucus Method
Coitus Interruptus (Withdrawal
196
Ideal fail rate: 2%.
Symthothermal Method
197
Accuracy: 98%-99%.
Ovulation Detection
198
10 Artificial Methods of Contraceptions
1. Oral Contraceptives (pills)
2. Trandesmal Patch
3. Vaginal Ring
4. Subdermal Implants
5. Hormonal Injections
6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
7. Chemical Barriers
8. Diaphragm
9. Cervical Cap
10. Male and Female Condoms
199
Contain estrogen and progesterone to suppress ovulation.
Oral Contraceptives (Pills)
200
Delivers hormones via a skin patch, replaced weekly for three weeks.
Transdermal Patch
201
Silicone ring releases hormones for three weeks; removed during the fourth week.
Vaginal Ring
202
Rod-like devices inserted under the skin, effective for 3-5 years.
Subdermal Implants
203
Medroxyprogesterone injections every 12 weeks. Almost 100% effective but may reduce bone density.
Hormonal INjections
204
T-shaped device inserted into the uterus.
Effective for 5-7 years, prevents implantation.
Intrauterine Deice (IUD)
205
Spermicides, gels, or films that kill sperm.
Chemical Barriers
206
Rubber disk inserted over the cervix, often used with spermicide.
Diaphragm
207
Thimble-shaped rubber cap over the cervix, can remain for 48 hours.
Cervical Cap
208
2 Surgical Methods
1, Vasectomy
2. Tubal Ligation
209
Male sterilization by cutting or blocking the vas deferens.
Vasectomy
210
Female sterilization by cutting or blocking fallopian tubes.
Tubal Ligation
211
Lesson 9: Material Self
212
Who said this?
We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess
Belk
213
4 components of Material Self
1. Body
2. Clothes
3. Immediate Family
4. Home
214
The innermost part of the material self.
Body
215
Inspired by Herman Lotze’s “Philosophy of Dress,” James stated that ____ is part of the material self.
clothing
216
We invest deeply in maintaining and valuing our bodies as vital and irreplaceable.
Body
217
_____ reflect self-expression, influencing our attitudes and behaviors.
Clothes
218
Parents and siblings are integral parts of the self.
Immediate Family
219
Described as "where the heart is," home is the earliest nest of selfhood.
Home
220
Their achievements, failures, and well-being deeply impact us emotionally, as we see them as reflections of ourselves.
Immediate Family
221
Memories and experiences inside the home connect deeply with self-identity.
Home
222
Lesson 10-11: The Political Self and Being filipino
223
Citizens are individuals whose parents are Filipino citizens, those born before ______, to Filipino mothers who chose Philippine citizenship upon reaching adulthood, or naturalized citizens.
January 17, 1973
224
13 FIlipino Values and Traits
1. Filipino Hospitality
2. Respect for Elders
3. Close Family Ties
4. Cheerful Personality
5. Self-Sacrifice
6. Bayanihan
7. "Bahala Na" Attitude
8. Colonial Mentality
9. "Mañana Habit
10. Ningas Kugon
11. Pride
12. Crab Mentality
13. Filipino Time
225
Warmly welcoming guests as family, offering food, accommodations, and even going into debt to honor visitors. "Pasalubong" (tokens) and "pabaon" (farewell gifts) highlight this trait.
Filipino Hospitality
226
Demonstrated through "Mano po" (hand-kissing gesture), use of respectful terms like "po" and "opo," and titles such as "Ate," "Kuya," "Tito," and "Tita."
Respect fro elders
227
Families maintain strong bonds, often living together and taking care of elders rather than relying on nursing homes.
Close Family Ties
228
Filipinos smile and laugh frequently, even in adversity, showing resilience and positivity.
Cheerful Personality
229
OFWs are regarded as modern heroes for working abroad to support their families. Similarly, older siblings often sacrifice for younger ones' education and welfare.
Self-Sacrifice
230
Spirit of communal unity and cooperation, marked by selflessness and collective action during times of need.
Bayanihan
231
An equivalent of "Hakuna Matata," trusting situations to resolve themselves with faith in God.
"Bahala Na" Attitude
232
Preference for foreign products and standards over local ones, rooted in colonial history.
Colonial Mentality
233
A habit of procrastination, often leading to heavier workloads later.
"Mañana" Habit
234
Starting tasks with enthusiasm but losing interest when challenges arise, akin to quickly extinguished grass flames.
Ningas Kugon
235
Often a barrier to reconciliation, as Filipinos struggle to apologize or admit faults.
Pride
236
Resentment towards others' success, pulling them down rather than supporting progress.
Crab Mentality
237
Habitual tardiness, often rationalized by familiarity or informality.
Filipino Time
238
4 Filipino Markers
1. Porverbs (Salawikain)
2. Superstitions
3. Myths and Legends
4. Heroes and Icons
239
Convey wisdom, ethics, and life truths. Example: "Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga" (Hard work brings rewards).
Proverbs or Salawikain
240
Include unique beliefs such as avoiding singing while cooking (to prevent spinsterhood).
Superstitions
241
Stories like the origin of the pineapple (pinya) reflect cultural creativity.
Myths and Legends
242
Figures like Jose Rizal, Manny Pacquiao, and Lea Salonga symbolize Filipino pride and excellence.
Heroes and Icons
243
Defined as the sum of all characteristics and interactions online.
Online Identity
244
Subset of characteristics making up one's identity.
Partial Identity
245
A partial identity crafted for specific situations.
Persona
246
Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995): _______ involves controlling how others perceive us, crucial for forming relationships.
Self-presentation
247
______ risks identity and reputation management issues.
Oversharing
248
Biological state associated with "man" or "woman," socially constructed rather than fixed.
Sex
249
Sociocultural norms tied to behavior, preferences, and personality.
Gender
250
Expression of desire, often fluid rather than binary.
Sexuality
251
Lesson 13 and 14
252
____ is commonly defined as "thinking about thinking"
Metacognition
253
It is awareness of the scope and limitations of your current knowledfe and skills.
Metacognition
254
_____ enables the person to adapt their existing knowledge and skill to approach a learning task, seeking for h the optimum result of the learning experience
Metacognition
255
2 aspects of metacognition:
"1. Self-appraisal
2. self-management of cognition"
256
_____ is your personal on your knowledge and capabilities¨
Self-appraisal
257
____ is the mental process you employ using what you have in planning and adapting to successfully learn or accomplish a certain task¨
Self-management
258
Similar concepts, usually called of metacognition, are:
"1. metacognitive knowledge
2. metacognition regulation"
259
____ is the mental process you employ using what you have in planning and adapting to successfully learn or accomplish a certain task.
Self-management
260
____what you know about how you think
Metacognitive knowledge
261
___How adjust your thinking process to help you learn better
Metacognition regulation
262
5 skills that can help you in exercising metacognition
"1. Knowing your limits
2. M odifying your approach
3. Skimming
4. Rehearsing
5. Self-Test"
263
As mentioned earlier, one cannot really make any significance advancement in using metacognitive skills without having an honest and accurate evaluation of what you know and what you do not know.
Knowing your limits
264
It begins with the recognition that your strategy is not appropriate with the task and/or that you do not comprehend the learning experience successfully.

Modifying your approach
265
This is not just about repeatedly talking, wring and/or doing what you have learned, but also trying to make a personal interpretation or summary of the learning experience.
Rehearsing
266
It begins with the recognition that your strategy is not appropriate with the task and/or that you do not comprehend the learning experience successfully.
Modifying your approach
267
This is not just about repeatedly talking, wring and/or doing what you have learned, but also trying to make a personal interpretation or summary of the learning experience.
Rehearsing
268
As the name implies, this is trying to your comprehension of your learning experience or the skills you have acquired during learning experience.

Self-test
269
4 types of metacognitive learners
"1 tacit
2 Aware
3 strategic
4 Reflective"
270
Learners are unaware of their metaconitive processes although they the extent of their knowledge.
Tacit
271
the ___ learners are unaware of their metafconitive stratefies but they do not plan on how to use these techniques.

Aware
272
___Learners, as the name implies, strategize and plan their course of action owrd towars a leaning experience.

Reflective
273
The goal of metacognitions is for the student to be _____ leaner
self-regulated
274
Lesson 15: Hawa sa diri kay naa sa pikas ang document. Plese review their
275
Lesson 16: about stress and caare
276
any uncomfortable emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, and behavioral changes
Stress
277
According to Hans Selyes ____ is the body’s nonspecific response to any demand.
Stress
278
2 types of stress:
1. Eustress
2. Distress
279
Positive stress (e.g., marriage, promotion, winning money).
Eustress
280
Negative stress (e.g., financial problems, injuries).
Distress
281
3 stages of Stress Response
1. Alarm Stage
2. Resistance Stage
3. Exhaustion Stage
282
Body mobilizes defenses (e.g., "fight or flight" response).
Alarm Stage
283
Body adapts to the stressor but risks depletion over time.
Resistance Stage
284
Involves increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
Alarm Stage
285
Body’s resources are depleted, potentially leading to death in extreme cases.
Exhaustion Stage
286
Triggers "fight or flight" response, even for non-life-threatening situations
Chronic Stress Effect
287
- Increase blood pressure and risk of heart disease.
- Alter brain functions, contributing to anxiety, depression, and addiction.
- Lead to obesity through appetite changes and fat storage.
Chronic Stress
288
Stress begins in the brain (amygdala) and activates the hypothalamus, which communicates via the autonomic nervous system:
Physiological Mechanism
289
Triggers "fight or flight."
Symphathetic Nervous System
290
Induces "rest and digest" after the danger passes.
Parasymoathetic Nervous System
291
______ increases alertness and energy
Epinephrine
292
_____ sustains the stress response but may lead to health issues like fat accumulation and weight gain if prolonged.
Cortisol
293
3 techniques to Counter Chronic Stress
1. Relaxation Response
2. Physical Activity
3. Social Support
294
Shown to lower blood pressure and reduce dependency on medications in clinical studies.
Relaxation Response
295
Movement therapies like yoga and tai chi combine physical and mental relaxation.
Physical Activity
296
Relationships with friends, family, and companions provide emotional buffers against stress, potentially increasing longevity.
Social Support
297
_____ and _____ are universal experiences but are influenced by cultural values, beliefs, and norms.
Stress and coping
298
Coping approaches differ across cultures
1. Asians
2. African-Americans and African-Canadians
3. Latino Communities
299
Emotion-focused coping (e.g., avoidance, withdrawal, forbearance).
Asians
300
Spiritual, religious, and ritual-based coping.
African-Americans and African-Canadians
301
Coping through family support and spirituality.
Latino communities
302
Nancy Apperson’s Steps for Self-Care:
1. Stop, breathe, and break tasks into manageable steps.
2. Acknowledge feelings as normal and find a safe space to express them.
3. Find a supportive listener to share your story.
4. Maintain routines to regain a sense of control.
5. Allow extra time for tasks and be gentle with yourself.
6. Take care of physical needs:
-Sleep 6-9 hours per night.
- Eat healthy, balanced meals.
7. Recognize limits and let go of uncontrollable issues.
8. Create a nurturing space at home (e.g., a rocking chair with soothing music).
9. Practice relaxation, meditation, or visualization.
familiarize langs
303
______ involves being kind to oneself during difficulties rather than being self-critical.
Self-compassion
304
Acknowledges imperfections as a shared human experience.
Self-compassion
305
Generates positive emotions, reducing stress and frustration
Self-Compassion
306
_____ focuses on comparisons and competition.
Self-esteem
307
_____ emphasizes interconnectedness and safety, reducing narcissism.
Self-compassion
