FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Lesson 1
Who are the the 9 philosophers
- Socrates
- Plato
- Augustine
- Thomas Aquinas
- Rene Descartes
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Gilbert Ryle
- Merleau- Ponty
First to systematically question the self; considered this the philosopher’s true task: to “know oneself.”
Socrates
Built on Socrates’ ideas, emphasizing the dual nature of body and soul.
Plato
Believed every man comprises two aspects: body (imperfect, impermanent) and soul (perfect, permanent), highlighting the dualistic nature of human existence.
Socrates
Identified three components of the soul: Rational soul, Spririted Soul, and Appetitive Soul
Plato
Asserted that justice within a person is achieved when these components work harmoniously
Plato
Socrates was the first to systematically question the self; considered this the philosopher’s true task: to “______.”
know oneself
Socrates believed that every man is comprised od two aspects:
body and soul
He highlights the dualistic nature of human
socrates
What are the 3 components od the soul acording to Plato
- Rational Soul
- Spirited Soul
- Appetitive Soul
Identify
- Rational Soul- Governs___
- Spirited Soul- Governs_____
- Appetitive Soul- Governs____
- Reason
- Emotions
- Desires
Combined Plato’s philosophy with Christian doctrine.
St. Augustine
Saw humans as having a bifurcated nature
Augustine
Incorporated Aristotle’s ideas, distinguishing between matter (body) and form (soul).
Thomas Aquinas
Acording to him
Augustine
According to him The soul animates the body and distinguishes humans from animals
Thomas Aquinas
A worldly, imperfect aspect yearning for the Divine
Augustine
Thomas Aquinas Incorporated Aristotle’s ideas, distinguishing between _____(body) and ____ (soul).
matter and form
St. Augustine Saw humans as having a ____
bifurcated nature
Known as the Father of Modern Philosophy
Rene Descartes
Descartes saw humans as a union of _____and _____.
mind
body
Advocated for radical doubt and established the famous statement: “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am).
Rene Descartes
Rejected the traditional view of the self as a fixed entity.
David Hume
Proposed that the self is a bundle of impressions and perceptions in constant flux.
David Hume
Defined the self as a “thinking thing” that doubts, understands, imagines, and perceives
Rene Descartes
Proposed that the self is a bundle of _____ and _____ in constant flux.
impressions
perceptions or ideas
Differentiated between impressions (direct sensory experiences) and ideas (copies of impressions, less vivid)
David Hume
Critiqued Hume, asserting that impressions are organized by an active mind.
Immanuel Kant
Denied the existence of a non-physical, internal self.
Gilbert Ryle
Saw the self as essential for organizing experiences and synthesizing knowledge.
Immanuel Kant
Defined the self as the seat of knowledge acquisition and personality
Immanuel Kant
Emphasized observable behavior as the essence of a person
Gilbert Ryle
Immanuel Kant Critiqued Hume, asserting that impressions are organized by an_____
active mind.
Gilbert ryle Emphasized observable ____as the essence of a person
behavior
Criticized Cartesian dualism, emphasizing the intertwined nature of mind and body.
Merleau-Ponty
Argued that all experiences are embodied and the body is central to existence
Merleau-Ponty
Merlou Ponty Criticized Cartesian dualism, emphasizing the______ nature of____ and _______.
intertwined
mind and body
Lesson 2
The self is characterized as 5
- Separate
- Self-Contained and Independent
- Consistent
- Unitary
- Private
Distinct and unique from others.
Separate
Exists on its own, with its own thoughts and volition.
Self-contained and Independent
Possesses enduring traits and characteristics.
Consistent
Central to all experiences and thoughts.
Unitary
Processes emotions and thoughts internally, inaccessible to others.
Private
The self is not _____ but is constantly shaped by interactions with society.
static
Anthropologist _____ explains the self through two components: Moi and Personne
Marcel Mauss
A person’s basic identity, body, and biological givenness.
Moi
Socially influenced identity shaped by roles, norms, and expectations.
Personne
According to ____ Language and social interactions are central to developing the self.
Mead and Vygotsky
____ is a significant aspect of the self, subject to societal expectations and cultural norms.
Gender
____ should be personally discovered and expressed rather than dictated by society.
Gender identity
This process is essential for self-determination and personal growth.
Self- discovery
Lesson 3
He proposed the 2 aspects of the self which is the “I” and the “Me”
William James
The thinking, acting, and feeling self.
I
Physical and psychological characteristics that define identity.
Me
Carl Rogers (1959) defined the “I” as the ___ and the “Me” as the _________
actor
Object of thought
Includes personal traits, social roles, responsibilities, and affiliations.
Identity
What comes to mind when asked, “Who are you?” It reflects past, present, and future roles and characteristics.
Self-concept
Argues that the self is created and developed through human interaction
Symbolic Interactionism
Plays a critical role in forming self-concept by providing social identity based on group membership.
Social Interaction
2 types of self-awareness
- Private Self
- Public Self
Internal thoughts and feelings.
Private Self
Public image crafted for social presentation.
Public Self
3 types of Self-schema
- Actual Self
- Ideal Self
- Ought Self
Identify
Self-Schema:
Actual Self: Who you____
Ideal Self: Who you ____
Ought Self: Who you ____
- are now.
- want to be.
- think you should be.
____ can guide actions positively (e.g., studying instead of playing games) or negatively, depending on circumstances.
Self-awareness
Positive or negative evaluation of oneself, influenced by social relationships.
Self-esteem
Learning about oneself and behaviors by comparing with others.
Social Comparison Theory
Feeling threatened when outperformed by someone close.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
Defined as “overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness”
Narcissism
____ prioritize self-image, seeking better relationships and admiration, but may be unreliable romantic partners or friends due to self-serving motives.
Narcissists
Lesson 4: About Eastern and Western
Represents Asia
Eastern Perspective
Represents Europe and Northern America.
Western Perspective
Focused on ethical conduct and harmonious social relationships
Confucianism
Advocates living in harmony with the Tao (the universe).
Taoism
The self is intertwined with community identity, sharing in collective pride or failure.
Confucianism
Rejects rigid definitions and hierarchy, favoring a simple, balanced lifestyle.
Taoism
Views the self as an illusion, a source of suffering born from ignorance and attachment.
Buddhism
Renouncing the self and its cravings leads to Nirvana.
Buddhism
____ is the purpose of life, emphasizing a “subdued self” where personal needs are repressed for societal harmony.
Self-cultivation
Society is hierarchical, maintaining order and balance
Confucianism
The ideal self emphasizes selflessness, equality, and interconnectedness, avoiding egocentric ideas and prejudices
Taoism
The self is removed from focus entirely in favor of overcoming attachments and achieving liberation
Buddhism
The self is situated within a larger context of community and harmony.
Eastern Perspective
The interconnectedness of all beings is emphasized over individuality.
Eastern Perspective
Focuses on individuality and Self-developmetn
Western Perspective
It has dualistic view
Western Perspective
Self-evaluation often highlights personal attributes and achievements.
Western Perspective
Personal development is for the benefit of others, not to elevate oneself.
Eastern Perspective
_____ emphasize personal qualities, while ______ emphasize social roles and relationships
Americans
Asians
Promotes individualism and values competition and equality.
Western Perspective
Encourages fairness in competition but prioritizes personal success over group harmony.
Western Perspective
______ often address seniors by first names, reflecting a value for equality.
______ use respectful terms, maintaining hierarchy and social order.
Westerners
Easterners
Individualistic, prioritizes personal needs and achievements.
Western Culture
Collectivistic, emphasizes group welfare, harmony, and cooperation.
Eastern Culture
Lesson 5: about physical Self
Includes face, body structure, height, weight, and their valuation/perception.
Physical Features
Transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Heredity
Carry the specific information that determines traits.
Genes
_____ is refers to specific information embedded within one’s genes
Genotype
_____ the physical expression of a particular trait. It can be directly observed
Phenotype
______ 23 pairs, with the 23rd determining sex.
Chromosomes
Increase perceived attractiveness and healthiness.
Symmetry and Proportion
Personal and societal perceptions of one’s body, feelings about physical appearance, and societal views.
Body Image
Unrealistic images dominate ____, portraying “perfect” women (e.g., slim waists, flawless skin) and men (e.g., six-pack abs).
media
____ cause dissatisfaction and foster prejudice against body diversity.
Unrealistic expectations
Lesson 6- sexual sefl
____ define sex (male or female) and secondary sexual characteristics.
Sex chromosomes
form by the eighth week of embryonic development.
Gonads
_____ stages show no differentiation (indifferent stage). The presence or absence of testosterone determines male or female development.
Early
______ Occurs between ages _____ when reproductive organs mature due to rising gonadal hormones (testosterone in males and estrogen in females).
Puberty
10–15
Growth of reproductive organs, pubic/axillary hair, and facial hair; marked by mature semen.
Males
Breast budding around age 11 and menarche (first menstrual period).
Female
Defined as understanding what it means to be masculine or feminine.
Sexual Identity
_____ play a role in self-definition, especially during adolescence
Gender stereotypes
3 components of Sexual Self
- Sexual self-esteem
- Sexual self-efficacy
- Sexual self-image
Perception of worth as a sexual being.
Sexual self-esteem
Perception of control over sexual experiences.
Sexual self-efficacy
Beliefs about sexual needs.
Self-image
