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BMS Lecture > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives input from other nerves

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2
Q

Axon

A

Action potential is sent through the

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Where two nerves meet
Do not directly touch: synaptic gap

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4
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages sent through the neuron

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5
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Wraps the nerve and moves messages quicker
Not all nerves have it

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6
Q

Electrical and chemical nerves

A

Electrical while passing through the nerve
Chemical while passing the synapse

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7
Q

Resting potential

A

A nerve does not have to constantly be passing messages/be electrically active
Makes ATP
Prepares to divide
Ready for action potential
-70 milivolts

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8
Q

Action potential

A

-55 milivolts to trigger
Neurotransmitters are sent through

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9
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles
Sodium and potassium

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10
Q

Ion channels

A

Sensitive to voltage
Sodium ion channel lets sodium through
Potassium ion channel lets potassium through

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11
Q

Resting potential: Sodium and Potassium ion channels

A

Most sodium is outside the cell
Most potassium inside the cell
Channels open: sodium enters, potassium leaves
Potassium channel opens slightly after sodium
Becomes positive in axon when enough excitatory neurotransmitters are received

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12
Q

Neuron nodes

A

spaces between myelin
ion channels are here in between myelin
signal jumps from node to node

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13
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: Nerves going off of spinal cord

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14
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Nerve fibers in middle of brain where messages can crossover
Connects left and right hemisphere

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15
Q

Surface of brain

A

Wrinkles and folds to increase surface area and to fit more nerves

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16
Q

Receptors

A

Allows stimuli to be recognized
Signal is sent to nerve, then brain

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17
Q

Human senses

A

Hearing, sight, taste, smell, touch

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18
Q

Hearing

A

Receptors receive waves of pressure (sound waves)
Receptors for changes in pressure: hair cells in inner ear

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19
Q

Eardrum/Temponic membrane

A

Moves back and forth when hit by waves
Door between outer and middle

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20
Q

Eustachia tube

A

Middle ear
From ear to back of throat
Periodically opens and closes
Allows ear to repressurize so middle part is at atmospheric pressure (ears popping)

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20
Q

Ossicles

A

3 small bones in middle ear
hammer
anvil
stirrup
Each one moves each other, to the next

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20
Q

Cochlea

A

Filled with fluid and hair cells
As fluid moves, the hair cells move
Hair cells then generate an action potential
Cochlea fluid keeps balance

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20
Q

Outer ear

A

Canal and lobe
eardrum

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20
Q

Middle ear

A

eardrum
ossicles
Eustachia tube

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21
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea

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22
Q

Compound eyes

A

Insects, spiders, crustaceans
Lens and photoreceptors, but many little eye units
Good for a wide view
Pixelated view
Easy to see something move

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23
Q

Photons

A

Light is made of photons
Photoreceptors in eyes

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24
Q

Camera eyes

A

Humans, dogs, zoo animals
Light comes in from one location

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25
Q

Sclera

A

White of eye
Blocks light
Protective
Tough connective tissue

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26
Q

Pupil

A

Hole in eye

27
Q

Cornea

A

Clear layer to protect pupil and let light through

28
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye to adjust the amount of light entering

29
Q

Lens

A

To focus light to photoreceptors in back of eye

30
Q

Retina

A

Back of eye holds photoreceptors

31
Q

Fovea

A

Where photoreceptors are most densely located in retina

32
Q

Rods

A

Responds to low wavelength/dim light
Grayscale aspects of vision

33
Q

Cones

A

Responds to high wavelength/color vision
Mostly active during day

34
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sends vision info to brain

35
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Responsive to chemicals
Taste and smell

36
Q

Components of taste

A

Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter
Savory(umami, activated by MSG)
Ammonia chloride

37
Q

Ammonia chloride and Bitter

A

Protective because a lot of these things are harmful

38
Q

Taste temperature sensations

A

Menthol
Capasaicin (scorille) (spicy)

39
Q

Pressure sensations

A

Different amounts of pressure exertions necessary

40
Q

Pain sensations

A

Chemicals leak and tell nerves something needs to be fixed

41
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Jellyfish, sea animals
Allows some movement
Like a water baloon inside
Helps fight the current

42
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Insects, spiders, scorpions
Skeleton on the outside
Made of glucose, very flexible
Needs to be shed, 8-10 hours to grow a new one

43
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Collagen makes cartilage and bone

44
Q

Cartilage

A

very flexible
made of collagen

45
Q

Bone

A

Mineralized collagen and calcium
Strong

46
Q

Joints

A

Human bones allow movement where they connect

47
Q

Flexor

A

Contracts/shortens joints

48
Q

Tendon

A

Muscle to bone connective tissue

49
Q

Extensor

A

Extends muscle

50
Q

Ligament

A

Connects bone to bone
cushions
absorbs shock
holds bones together

51
Q

Hinge joints

A

Flex + extensor
knee, elbow

52
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Can twist
360 range of motion
Hips, shoulders
Still flexor and extensor but different arrangements

53
Q

4 Necessities for muscle contraction and relxation

A
  1. Primary proteins
  2. Accessory proteins
  3. Calcium
  4. ATP
54
Q

Primary proteins

A

Actin and myosin

55
Q

Accessory proteins

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

56
Q

Sliding Filament Model

A

Sarcomeres contain thin filament (actin) and thick filament (myosin)
Myosin binds to actin naturally but needs ATP to pull it
Troponin and tropomyosin block myosin from binding to actin, muscles is relaxed.
Calcium is released from sacroplasmic reticulum
Accessory proteins remove from actin, myosin can now bind to actin
When calcium returns to SR, repeats

57
Q

Calcium release from sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Synapse between nerve and muscle
Acetylcholine tells muscle to release calcium from SR
Enters through T-tubules

58
Q

Endocrine system

A

Types of hormones you can make and how cells respond
Glands produce hormones and place them in circulation
Certain cells have receptor sites for particular hormones to bind to in order for the hormone to be expressed

59
Q

Types of hormones

A

Amino Acid based
Protein based (larger version of amino acid)
Lipid based (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol) (can enter directly into nucleus)

60
Q

Effects of hormones

A

Can cause direct change or cause changes in the cell that cause change

61
Q

Alertness/Metabolic activity

A

Thyroid gland: produces thyroxine (requires iodine)
Goiter: Enlargement of thyroid gland. Disrupts production of thyroxine, metabolism decreases or increases

62
Q

Parathyroids

A

4 smaller glands on each end of H shaped thyroid

63
Q

Calcium production in thyroid

A

Thyroid produced calcitonin
Thyroid puts calcium in bones for strength
Parathyroids take calcium from bones to balance
Osteoporosis: Not receiving enough calcium in diet, parathyroids keep taking but thyroid cannot give; bones weaken

64
Q

Glucose vs. Glycogen

A

-Glycogen stored in muscles and liver
Pancreas: insulin takes glucose which is either put in storage or used to make ATP
As glycogen increases, glucose decreases

65
Q

Glucagon in the pancreas

A

Breaks down glycogen into glucoses

66
Q

Diabetes

A

Pancreas does not make enough insulin or insulin receptors are not working
Or
Pancreas does not make enough glucagon made or glucagon receptors not working

67
Q

2 types of Immunity

A

General/Innate responses (always the same)
Adaptive/Acquired response

68
Q

Adaptive/Acquired Immunity response

A

2nd or 3rd time after facing new invader, immune system has learned how to protect
B and T cells: Make antibodies and protect from immune disease

69
Q

Vaccine Development
(Antigen vs. Epitope)

A

Antigen: large foreign substance that triggers an immune response
Epitopes: Smaller, makes up antigens
Specific antibodies target

BMS Lecture (4 decks)

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