Exam 3 Flashcards
Negative feedback
-For balance equilibrium
-Homeostasis
-Has no endpoint
Positive feedback
-amplification
-has an endpoint
-No set point
-Ex: Contractions, blood clotting
Humans set point temp
98.6 F
37 C
Humans set point pH
7.4
Buffers in blood help keep it balanced
Surface area vs. volume
volume increases quicker than surface area
Gradients
flow from high concentration to low
Types of tissues
Nervous: Made of nerves
Muscular: Muscle cells (3 kinds)
Connective: Most diverse; separates and supports other tissues
Epithelial: Layered arrangements of cells
3 types of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle: Attached to skeleton, voluntary movements
Smooth muscle: Contracts and relaxes but not attached to skeleton
Cardiac muscle: In your heart to move blood
Bioenergetics (cellular respiration/ATP production)
Need: glucose and oxygen
Waste product: CO2 (6 molecules)
1: Glycolysis
2: Krebs/citric acid cycle
3: Electron
Total ATP: at least 30
Long term if cells have oxygen
Glycolysis
Make 4 ATP
invest 2
net gain 2
Disassemble glucose
Doesn’t require mitochondria
glycolysis-> 2 pyruvate -> 2 aceytlCOA
Krebs/citric acid cycle
Does not require mitochondria
Electron transport chain
Electron carriers: NADH, FADH2
ATP
3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine
Parts of a membrane in a cell (outermost to innermost)
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Inner membrane space
Matrix
Gradient of hydrogen ions in mitochondria (krebs cycle)
Out of matrix, into intermembrane space
NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to proteins
Proteins need electrons in order to allow H+ through
Proteins pass electrons like relay race
ATP synthase
Makes ATP
Line between intermembrane space and matrix
Cellular fermentation
Short term for cells w/o oxygen
Produces: Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm
Where does krebs cycle take place
Matrix of mitochondria
Where does electron transport take place
Across inner membrane of mitochondria
Chemical vs. mechanical digestion in mouth
Chemical
Enzymes
-Lipase: breaks down lipids
-Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates
Mechanical
-Teeth from front to back
-Incisors, canine, premolars, molars
Chemical digestion in esophagus
No new enzymes added
Mucus: lubricant to help move food
Peristasis
Contractions of smooth muscle for digestion
Chemical digestion of stomach
-Has muscles to compartmentalize itself
- Sphincters prevent food from going back into esophagus
-Pepsin enzyme: breaks downs proteins in foods in stomach
Small intestine digestion
-Last chance to break down food
-Lumen: hollow space
-Walls have lots of wrinkles and folds to increase surface area -> increase absorption
-Enzymes and bile from pancreas help
Villi
Tiny projections in the intestines to increase surface area
Large intestine
-Digestion is done
-Compaction of waste
-Reabsorb water
-Some vitamin K production
Open circulatory system
Blood moves through body but is not always in a vessel
Can be around organs and tissues
Insects, spiders
Closed Circulatory system
Blood is only in blood vessel
Humans
Animals w/ prolonged activity
Systemic circulation
Heart->Arteries->Arterioles->Capilaries->Venules->Veins->Heart
Pulmonary circuit
Heart->lungs->heart
Capilaries
Very small blood vessels
Blood pressure is lowest
Exchange takes place here
4 Chambers of heart
2 Atria (smaller)
2 Ventricles (larger)
Atrium-> Ventricles
Arteries
Usually carry oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery bc it needs to bring blood to lungs
Veins
Usually carry unoxygenated blood, except pulmonary vein bc it just left the lungs
Valves in heart
Valves are on both sides of the heart to keep blood pumping in the correct direction
Right side of heart
Deoxygenated blood (before reaching lungs)
Right Atrium-> Right Ventricle-> Pulmonary artery-> lungs-> Pulmonary veins
Left side of heart
Pumps oxygenated blood (leaving lungs)
Lungs-> Pulmonary veins-> Left atrium-> left ventricle-> Aorta-> then carried throughout the body
Sinoatrial Node
Controls contractions of both atria
Is at the top of the right atria
Atrioventricular node
Causes both ventricles to contract
At bottom of right atria
What do nodes do
sections of the heart that act like nerves generate bursts of electrical activity
Systolic vs. Diastolic
Sys: High blood pressure
Dias: Low blood pressure
Respiratory system
- Mouth/Nose
2.Epiglottis: Switch between trachea and esophagus - Trachea: Lined w mucus to catch particles that get sneezed or coughed out
- Bronchii branches (distribute air through lungs)
- Smaller Branchiole branches
- Alveoli (Alveolar sacs):gas exchange takes place
Diaphragm
Shaped like a dome
Exhale: Moves up
Inhale: Moves down
Cilia
cellular projections line the trachea
Aid in removing particles stuck in mucus
CO2 gradient
Out of circulation, into lungs
Osmosis
movement of water through a semi permeable membrane
-Net movement to the side of higher solute concentration, lower water concentration
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration (cell shrinks)
Hypo: Lower solute concentration (cell swells)
Isotonic: both sides are equal
Kidney
Water removes ammonia from kidney
Hemotora (Kidney bleeds due to trauma, urinary blood)
Blood will always be in renal arteries
Nephrons (renal arteries): permability changes along structure to reclaim water
