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BMS Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Negative feedback

A

-For balance equilibrium
-Homeostasis
-Has no endpoint

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2
Q

Positive feedback

A

-amplification
-has an endpoint
-No set point
-Ex: Contractions, blood clotting

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3
Q

Humans set point temp

A

98.6 F
37 C

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4
Q

Humans set point pH

A

7.4
Buffers in blood help keep it balanced

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5
Q

Surface area vs. volume

A

volume increases quicker than surface area

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6
Q

Gradients

A

flow from high concentration to low

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7
Q

Types of tissues

A

Nervous: Made of nerves
Muscular: Muscle cells (3 kinds)
Connective: Most diverse; separates and supports other tissues
Epithelial: Layered arrangements of cells

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8
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal muscle: Attached to skeleton, voluntary movements
Smooth muscle: Contracts and relaxes but not attached to skeleton
Cardiac muscle: In your heart to move blood

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9
Q

Bioenergetics (cellular respiration/ATP production)

A

Need: glucose and oxygen
Waste product: CO2 (6 molecules)
1: Glycolysis
2: Krebs/citric acid cycle
3: Electron
Total ATP: at least 30
Long term if cells have oxygen

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

Make 4 ATP
invest 2
net gain 2
Disassemble glucose
Doesn’t require mitochondria
glycolysis-> 2 pyruvate -> 2 aceytlCOA

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10
Q

Krebs/citric acid cycle

A

Does not require mitochondria
Electron transport chain
Electron carriers: NADH, FADH2

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11
Q

ATP

A

3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine

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12
Q

Parts of a membrane in a cell (outermost to innermost)

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Inner membrane space
Matrix

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13
Q

Gradient of hydrogen ions in mitochondria (krebs cycle)

A

Out of matrix, into intermembrane space
NADH and FADH2 bring electrons to proteins
Proteins need electrons in order to allow H+ through
Proteins pass electrons like relay race

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14
Q

ATP synthase

A

Makes ATP
Line between intermembrane space and matrix

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15
Q

Cellular fermentation

A

Short term for cells w/o oxygen
Produces: Carbon dioxide and ethanol

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Where does krebs cycle take place

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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18
Q

Where does electron transport take place

A

Across inner membrane of mitochondria

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19
Q

Chemical vs. mechanical digestion in mouth

A

Chemical
Enzymes
-Lipase: breaks down lipids
-Amylase: breaks down carbohydrates

Mechanical
-Teeth from front to back
-Incisors, canine, premolars, molars

20
Q

Chemical digestion in esophagus

A

No new enzymes added
Mucus: lubricant to help move food

21
Q

Peristasis

A

Contractions of smooth muscle for digestion

22
Q

Chemical digestion of stomach

A

-Has muscles to compartmentalize itself
- Sphincters prevent food from going back into esophagus
-Pepsin enzyme: breaks downs proteins in foods in stomach

23
Q

Small intestine digestion

A

-Last chance to break down food
-Lumen: hollow space
-Walls have lots of wrinkles and folds to increase surface area -> increase absorption
-Enzymes and bile from pancreas help

24
Q

Villi

A

Tiny projections in the intestines to increase surface area

25
Q

Large intestine

A

-Digestion is done
-Compaction of waste
-Reabsorb water
-Some vitamin K production

26
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood moves through body but is not always in a vessel
Can be around organs and tissues
Insects, spiders

27
Q

Closed Circulatory system

A

Blood is only in blood vessel
Humans
Animals w/ prolonged activity

28
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Heart->Arteries->Arterioles->Capilaries->Venules->Veins->Heart

29
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart->lungs->heart

30
Q

Capilaries

A

Very small blood vessels
Blood pressure is lowest
Exchange takes place here

31
Q

4 Chambers of heart

A

2 Atria (smaller)
2 Ventricles (larger)
Atrium-> Ventricles

32
Q

Arteries

A

Usually carry oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery bc it needs to bring blood to lungs

33
Q

Veins

A

Usually carry unoxygenated blood, except pulmonary vein bc it just left the lungs

34
Q

Valves in heart

A

Valves are on both sides of the heart to keep blood pumping in the correct direction

35
Q

Right side of heart

A

Deoxygenated blood (before reaching lungs)
Right Atrium-> Right Ventricle-> Pulmonary artery-> lungs-> Pulmonary veins

36
Q

Left side of heart

A

Pumps oxygenated blood (leaving lungs)
Lungs-> Pulmonary veins-> Left atrium-> left ventricle-> Aorta-> then carried throughout the body

37
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

Controls contractions of both atria
Is at the top of the right atria

38
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

Causes both ventricles to contract
At bottom of right atria

39
Q

What do nodes do

A

sections of the heart that act like nerves generate bursts of electrical activity

40
Q

Systolic vs. Diastolic

A

Sys: High blood pressure
Dias: Low blood pressure

41
Q

Respiratory system

A
  1. Mouth/Nose
    2.Epiglottis: Switch between trachea and esophagus
  2. Trachea: Lined w mucus to catch particles that get sneezed or coughed out
  3. Bronchii branches (distribute air through lungs)
  4. Smaller Branchiole branches
  5. Alveoli (Alveolar sacs):gas exchange takes place
42
Q

Diaphragm

A

Shaped like a dome
Exhale: Moves up
Inhale: Moves down

43
Q

Cilia

A

cellular projections line the trachea
Aid in removing particles stuck in mucus

44
Q

CO2 gradient

A

Out of circulation, into lungs

45
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water through a semi permeable membrane
-Net movement to the side of higher solute concentration, lower water concentration

46
Q

Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic

A

Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration (cell shrinks)
Hypo: Lower solute concentration (cell swells)
Isotonic: both sides are equal

47
Q

Kidney

A

Water removes ammonia from kidney
Hemotora (Kidney bleeds due to trauma, urinary blood)
Blood will always be in renal arteries
Nephrons (renal arteries): permability changes along structure to reclaim water

BMS Lecture (3 decks)

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