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BMS Lecture > Exam 2: Perpetuation of Life > Flashcards

Exam 2: Perpetuation of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of a nucleotide (Monomer of DNA/RNA)

A

Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogenous base

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2
Q

Pyrimidines vs Purines

A

Pyrimidines(smaller):
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
Purines(larger): Adenine, Guanine

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3
Q

How do the nitrogenous bases pair

A

Purine across from Pyrimidine (hydrogen bonds)
(Purine-Purine theres not enough space)
(Pyr-Pyr theres too much space)

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4
Q

How does the addition of a phosphate group to a nucleotide change it

A

Raises the potential energy of the monomer

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5
Q

Distance between each nucleotide step

A

0.34 nanometers

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6
Q

How many nucleotide steps in a helix

A

10

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6
Q

Distance between the two helixes

A

2 nanometers

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7
Q

When was the Watson+Crick Model

A

1953

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7
Q

Conservative model

A

Old - Old
Old- Old New - New

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8
Q

Total length of strand

A

3.4 nanometers

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9
Q

3 Potential Models of DNA Replication

A
  1. Conservative
  2. Semi-Conservative
  3. Dispersive
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10
Q

Semi-Conservative Model

A

Old- Old
Old-New Old-New

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11
Q

Dispersive model

A

Old-Old
Mix-Mix Mix-Mix

Not accurate- information is too important to scramble

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12
Q

When was Meselson+Stahl

A

1958

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13
Q

Meselson+Stahl

A

Nitrogen seperates differently in sedimentation gel based on weight

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14
Q

What is Mitosis

A

Cell division for growth, development, and repair

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14
Q

Two parts of a chromosome

A
  1. Telomeres- ends of chromosome
  2. Centromere- center of chromosome
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15
Q

What is Meiosis

A

Cell division for reproduction of gametes

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16
Q

How does the amount of chromosomes change from parent to daughter cells in Mitosis vs. Meiosis

A

Mitosis: 2 daughter cells, Amount stays the same
Meiosis: 4 daughter cells, each has half as many chromosomes as parent

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17
Q

G1, S, G2

A

G1: Make sure there is enough nucleotides
S: DNA Synthesis (nucleotides form DNA)
G2: Make sure all chromosomes are copied
Then, mitosis

18
Q

Interphase

A

Starting point before either mitosis or meiosis
Sister chromatids

19
Q

Prophase

A

-Nuclear Membrane disassembled
-Spindle fibers form at opposite ends of cell and try to attach to sister chromatids
-Once both fibers hook onto all chromatids, the play tug o war

20
Q

When do the chromatids line up single vs double file

A

Mitosis: Single file
Meiosis Phase I: Double File
Meiosis II: Single file

21
Q

Metaphase

A

-Sister Chromatids line up

22
Q

Anaphase

A

-Sister chromatids separate from theyre duplicate

23
Q

Telophase

A
  • two nuclei form around each set
    -Cell membrane pinches in center
24
Q

Cytokinesis

A

-Contractile ring pinches completely and results in daughter cells

25
Q

How do gametes know to undergo meiosis instead of mitosis

A

Sex cells receive testosterone/estrogen from the reproductive system

25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down unwanted material in the cell using digestive enzymes (animals, plants)

26
Q

Number of chromosomes in meiosis depending on series

A

At the end of series I, each cell has half as many as the parent cell in prophase I, still with 2 chromatids per chromosome
At the end of series II, each cell still has half as many as the parent cell in prophase I, but each chromosome has only 1 chromatid

27
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis

28
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell produces ATP (Animal, plant)

29
Q

Ribosomes

A

Needed for translation (RNA-> protein)

29
Q

Smooth ER

A

Involved in lipid synthesis

29
Q

Golgi

A

Receives proteins and lipids from ER, and tells them where to go

30
Q

Cell Wall

A

Provides structure and protection; made of cellulose (plants)

31
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Plants: convert solar energy into glucose (photosynthesis)

32
Q

Which is bigger: Eukaryotes or prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes; need much more energy

33
Q

Organelles in bacteria

A

DNA and ribosomes

34
Q

Genotype vs Phenotype

A

Genotype: Genetic makeup
Phenotype: Visible traits

35
Q

Self-pollenation

A

Plant has both female and male organs

36
Q

Cross-Pollenation

A

Collect pollen from one individual and transfer to female organs of an individual whos male organs are removed

37
Q

Alleles

A

Different versions of the same genes

38
Q

Autosomes

A

Expressed the same in male and female
Humans have 44

39
Q

Carriers

A

Carry a receccsive gene but do not portray it
Almost always maternal

40
Q

3 prime end

A

Ends with OH group

41
Q

5 prime end

A

ends with phosphate group

42
Q

During polymerization, which end are new nucleotides added to

A

3 prime end

BMS Lecture (3 decks)

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