final exam Flashcards
what is ethics
the rules of conduct that guide us when deciding what is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is bad
Morals
the principles of behaviour a person believes to be right or wrong for themselves without concern for legalities or customs
Immoral
behaviour that is believed to be wrong, indecent, deviant, or not normal
VALUES
Personal belief about worth that acts as a standard to guide one’s behavior or living
Worthwhile or desirable qualities in a person
BELIEFS
Ideas or convictions a person holds to be true
May or may not be supported by objective evidence
ATTITUDES
General feelings or frame of reference affects how person organizes knowledge about the world
Personal ethics
Individualized beliefs, values, and morals developed throughout our lifetime of
interaction with others
Professional ethics
Rules, policies, guidelines, and standards
governing care givers, e.g. Code of Ethics
Need to use both personal and professional at work
9 HCA SAMPLE CODE OF ETHICS
1 Treat each individual with respect
2 Maintain confidentiality
3 Follow agency policies and procedures
4 Ensure personal activities do not interfere with my judgment and competence
5 Fulfill my obligations and responsibilities
6 Provide PPC
7 Promote client, family, and community involvement
8 Encourage client welfare by promoting independence
9 Contribute to safety and security
4 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE ETHICS
I. Autonomy
II. Justice
III. Beneficence
IV. Nonmaleficence
AUTONOMY/SELF DETERMINATION
Recognizes individual’s right to make own decisions based on values and beliefs
Person must be mentally competent
Respecting autonomy is allowing a person to make their own choices even if it’s at risk
JUSTICE
treated in a fair and equitable manner
Reflected in Canada’s universal health care system
treating equally regardless of their condition or your personal views
Involves not betraying trust
Involves maintaining privacy/keeping confidentiality
BENEFICENCE
Doing or promoting good
essence of the HCSW role
involves meeting client’s needs and
focusing efforts on client
involves working within your professional boundaries and advocating for the client
NONMALEFICENCE
“causing no harm” whether intentional or nonintentional
involves working within your scope of practice and knowledge
involves reducing client risks for potential injury
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
situation which requires you to choose between:
2+ right courses of action that contradict each other
OR
2+ options where none seem to
be right
VALUES CENTRAL TO
ETHICAL PRACTICE
Health & well-being
Choice
Dignity
Confidentiality
Fairness
Accountability
who is tommy douglas and why is he important?
was the canadian health minister (1944-48) and is the founder of medicare
is the reason why canadians do not pay for hospital visits and medical care
instituted 50/50 share of costs for provincial medical services with federal government
canada health act
federal legislation that clarifies types of insured health care services
outlines 5 principals that must be met for provinces/territories to get funding
5 Principles of Medicare/Canada Health Act
Comprehensiveness
Universality
Portability
Accessibility
Public administration
Federal Responsibilities
Government policy and programs eg: drug approval
Transferring tax money to the provinces & territories
Delivery of health services to:
Indigenous people, people living on reserves, military, RCMP, veterans and inmates
Ensures consistency of health care services between provinces according to the Canada Health Act (1984)
Territorial and Provincial Responsibilities
Development and administration of health care services within provinces and Territories
Organization and planning of services unique to each province
Must follow the 5 “Principles of Medicare”
Responsibilities of Health Care Authorities in BC
- To identify regional health needs (5
geographic health authorities) - To plan appropriate programs and services
- To ensure programs/services are properly managed and funded
BC Health Authorities
Geographical:
1. Northern Health
2. Interior Health
3. Vancouver Island Health Authority
4. Vancouver Coastal Health
5. Fraser Health
Province wide:
6. Provincial Health Services Authority
(PHSA)
7. First Nations Health Authority (FNHA)
Three Levels of Care Delivery
Primary Health Care
Secondary Health Care
Tertiary Health Care
Primary Health Care
First contact (e.g. family doctor)
focus on prevention, health promotion, early diagnosis
Examples:
skin rashes, broken bones, colds, flu, wellness checks…
Secondary Health Care
assessment, diagnosis, treatment and prevention
Examples:
referral to a specialist – neurologist,
cardilogist, nephrologist…
Tertiary Health Care
higher acuity
more “technology”
Examples: ICU, Cornorary artery bypass, dialysis, neurosurgeries.
what are some workplace settings?
acute care
long term care
rehabilitation services or restorative care
palliative care
hospice
eden Philosophy
the idea that there are 7 fundamental aspects of personhood that are the core of human beings
identity
connectedness
security
autonomy
meaning
growth
joy
criminal law
Offences against the public and society in general
Deals with conduct considered harmful to society that it is prohibited and punished by government
murder, robbery
civil law
Deals with relationships and conflicts between people or companies
Action may be taken against another person to for compensation for damage or injury
Examples: divorce, violation of a contract
Tort
The largest area of Civil law
Is a wrongful act against a person or their property
A person who commits act can be sued by injured person.
Unintentional Tort: Negligence
intentional Tort: assault, battery, false imprisonment
Negligence
when a person fails to act in a careful or competent manner, harms client or property
An unintentional wrong because they did not intend to cause harm
negligent individual may have to pay damages (a sum of money) to the injured person
Assault & Battery
Assault
intentionally attempting to or threatening to touch a persons body without consent, causing person to fear bodily harm
Battery
Actual intentional touching of client’s body without consent
Can be committed without an intent to injury
False Imprisonment
unlawful restraint or restrictions on a persons’ freedom of movement
Invasion of Privacy & Not Respecting Confidentiality
Revealing personal information about another person without his/her permission, or unnecessarily exposing a person’s body
Defamation of Character
injuring name and reputation of person by making false statements to third person.
a) Libel, criminal offense when knowingly making false statements that harm reputation in print, writing or through pictures or drawings
b) Slander is making harmful false statements orally
Liability
the legal responsibility to account for wrongful acts by making financial payment
Incompetence
continuing unsafe practice, tasks your don’t know how to do and is not within your scope of practice
Malpractice
mistreatment of a patient/client through ignorance, carelessness, neglect or criminal intent
Scope of Practice
what we as caregivers can and cannot do; our legal limits of our role
determined by training and ability and employer policies
To avoid personal liability
Do not perform any skill that you cannot perform safely
Do not perform any act which is unethical, illegal, or against policy
Do not perform any procedure where the directions are incomplete or unclear
4 steps of delegation process
assessment of needs:
nurse gets info about client needs and your skills
communication:
nurse gives directions and you agree to perform
guidance and assistance:
nurse observes, ensures its completed right
follow up and feedback:
nurse decides if it was successful and gives feedback
assigning
appointing someone to take responsibility to complete a task while providing client care or support
before completing a task what do you ensure?
youve been trained
its within your job role
its in the care plan
you have tools/equipment available
client status is unchanged
the client consents
controlled acts
tasks that must be performed only by those authorized
are harmful if performed by unqualified individuals
moral rights
based on a sense of fairness or ethics
(expecting people to attend a party you plan)
legal rights
based on rules and principles outlined in law and enforced by society
(voting, owning property)
residents bill of rights
commitment to care
rights to health, safety, and dignity
rights to participation and freedom of expression
rights to transparency and accountability
scope of rights
employees legal rights
human rights legislation
occupational health and safety legislation
employment standards legislation
labour relations legislation
workers compensation legislation
canadian charter of rights and freedoms
the basic rights and freedoms all canadians are entitled to
freedom of conscience and religion
freedom of thought, belief, opinion, and expression
freedom of peaceful assembly and association
right to vote
right to enter, stay in, and leave Canada
right to life, liberty, and security
right to equality before/under law without discrimination
standard of care
acceptable standard of care in a profession
mission statements
policies and procedures
education programs
Extraverts vs introverts
E
think by talking out loud
“brainstorming”
I
reflect on their ideas before
sharing them
prefer to have thoughts fully
formed before sharing
Intuitive vs Sensing
I
work with the “big picture”
may skip steps, move from A to D
use intuition
brainstormers
may not consider how the idea will be implemented
S
solve problems by collecting facts
think about the details of implementation/process
categorize and evaluate data and options
may suffer from “analysis paralysis”
What is the overall purpose of a
healthcare team?
to provide the client with the best possible
care and support
The Multidisciplinary Team
case manager
pt
ot
team leader (rn, etc)
social worker
family
pharmacist
etc
Benefits of Working on a Team
collaboration
communication
Variety of expertise
decision- making
positive, trusting environment
Challenges of Working on a Team
Understanding role boundaries
Being flexible
Handling conflict
Expressing needs and views
Characteristics of High Functioning
Teams
common purpose and values
Mutual respect
Empowered/empowering
Strong supportive relationships
Flexible
Enthusiasm
Good morale
Characteristics of Dysfunctional
Teams
absence of trust
lack of commitment
avoidance of accountability
inattention to results
fear of conflict
Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development
- Forming
polite and impersonal stage, testing waters
getting an idea of goals/work - Storming
power struggles and conflict
possible early termination - Norming
getting organized, clarifying goals, tasks, procedures
confronting issues - Performing
doing the work
collaborative, flexible, productive - Adjourning
The group has completed its task or disbands
Conflict
a feeling, disagreement, real or perceived incompatibility of interests, inconsistent worldviews, or a set of behaviors
Emotional Intelligence
ability to access, manage, and use one’s emotions in relationships
Involves bringing emotions to the surface, understanding how they can affect the team’s work
responses to conflict
non productive:
avoidance
agreeable and non assertive
win at all costs
productive:
managing conflict
starts by talking to person involved
causes of conflict
stress
conflicting goals or methods
personalities or work styles
culture
different values
poor communication
PROCESS OF JOB APPLICATION
Resume
Cover Letter
References
Portfolio
Application Form
Written Test
Interview
Follow up
What does your resume highlight?
Experiences
Education
Skills
Qualities
RESUME: SKILLS & ABILITIEs
problem solving abilities
successful teamwork
ability to work independently and in groups
organization
attention to detail (vs. sloppy work)
Chronological resume
Information listed starting with most recent
functional resume
Emphasizes skills and abilities
PORTFOLIOS
Show your skills and abilities
Give insight into “you”
Sell yourself
Give you control of the interview
WHAT IS ABUSE?
Physical or mental harm caused deliberately by another person or persons
TYPES OF ABUSE
Financial abuse
Psychological/Emotional abuse
Physical abuse
Neglect
Sexual abuse
Bullying (including cyberbullying)
Medical/Medication
Systematic
Civic & Human Rights
WHO ARE POTENTIAL ABUSERS
Caregivers
Partners
Family members
Older adult/resident
WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE AT RIS K OF
BEING ABUSED?
Marginalized people (esp. women)
Children
Socially or geographically isolated older adults
Older adults with reduced cognition
Dependent older adults with disabilities
Older adults cared for by people with substance abuse issues
THE CYCLE OF ABUSE
Tension Building Phase
Abusive Phase
Honeymoon Phase
WHY MIGHT AN OLDER ADULT NOT
REPORT ABUSE
Fear of backlash from abuser
not know how to get help
not have the physical/cognitive ability to report
Believe they deserved it
Fear losing contact with the family member
Feelings of guilt if their child or spouse was reported for abuse
CAREGIVER BURN OUT
Exhaustion of physical or emotional strength or motivation usually because of prolonged stress or frustration
BURN OUT symptoms
Over-exhaustion
Disrupted sleep
Headaches
Work-related injuries
Stomach problems
Depression
What do you do when abuse occurs?
- Report it immediately to your supervisor
- Report the situation objectively
* Report what the people involved said
* Avoid labeling
Adult Guardianship Act
Protects vulnerable adults from abuse
Community Care and Assisted Living Act
Regulations for facilities, including the requirement to report abuse
examples
acts of any abuse
falls, deaths, and medication errors
episodes of aggressive behavior by residents
Two types of Self reflection
Reflection-in-action:
reflective thinking one is doing while doing the action
in the moment
Reflection-on-action:
In contrast, occurs after the action has been completed
focus on outcome
what is leadership
ability to lead, guide, direct or influence people
motivate team members and build cooperativeness
types of leadership?
designated leader
emergent leader
distributed leader
positive qualities needed for effective leadership
integrity
knowledge
critical thinking
ethical perspective
motivating
5 categories of power?
legitimate power (designated leadership)
expert power (knowledge on subject)
reward power (incentives or compensation)
coercive power (unpleasant conquences to influence)
referent power (through example, group respects leader)
