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Biology I > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of producing egg and sperm cells?

A

Gametogenesis

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2
Q

In egg cells and sperm cells the chromosomes are located in what organelle of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

What is it when a sperm cell from a male and an egg cell from a female unite to form a single cell called a zygote?

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

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5
Q

How does a zygote divide?

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes in a man?

A

X and Y

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7
Q

What are the types of chromosomes involved in sex determination?

A

Sex chromosomes

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8
Q

What are the two types of sex chromosomes?

A

Egg (X)

Sperm (X or Y)

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9
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are there in a human somatic cell?

A

23

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a somatic cell?

How many from the father?

How many from the mother?

A

46
23
23

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11
Q

Of the 46 chromosomes in humans how many are autosomes?

How many are sex chromosomes?

A

44

2

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12
Q

How many sets of chromosomes are there in a human gamete?

A

23

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13
Q

How many autosomes are there in sperm and eggs cells? What about sex chromosomes?

A

22
1

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14
Q

How 44+XX zygote produced?

A

Egg: 22+X
Sperm: 22+X

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15
Q

How is a 44+XY zygote produced?

A

Egg: 22+X
Sperm: 22+Y

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16
Q

Reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is _____.

A

Cut in half

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17
Q

Meiosis involves _____ divisions producing a total of _____ daughter cells.

A

Two
4

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18
Q

Meiosis occurs in what organ in females? What is the process called?

A

Ovaries
Oogenesis

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19
Q

Meiosis occurs in what organ in males? What is the process called?

A

Testes
Spermatogenesis

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20
Q

The cells in the ovary that are destined to become egg cells are called _____.

Are they diploid or haploid?

How many chromosomes are there?

A

Primary oocyte
Diploid
46

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21
Q

When does meiosis I occur in females?

A

Embryonic development

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22
Q

When does meiosis II occur?

A

Fertilization

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23
Q

The cells in the testes that are destined to become sperm cells are called _____.

Are they diploid or haploid?

How many chromosomes are there?

A

Primary sperm
Diploid
46

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24
Q

What stage precedes meiosis I?

What events occur during this stage?

A

Interphase

Growth
DNA synthesis
Etc

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25
Q

What are the four phases of meiosis I?

A

Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Cytokinesis

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26
Q

What are the four phases of meiosis II?

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Cytokinesis

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27
Q

What is a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

One member is obtained from the mother and the other from the father

Same size and shape

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28
Q

What are the events in prophase I?

A

Chromosomes coil tighter

Synapsis

Crossing over

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29
Q

What is crossing over in meiosis I?

A

Occurs during prophase I when homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material

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30
Q

What is chiasma?

A

X shaped regions where crossing over occured

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31
Q

Crossing over in meiosis I increases the ______ of the gametes.

A

Genetic variability

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32
Q

What are the events in metaphase I?

A

Tetrads line up at the metaphase plate

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33
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

A four part structure that consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two identical chromatids

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34
Q

What separates in anaphase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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35
Q

What are the events in telophase I?

A

Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis usually occurs simultaneously, forming two haploid daughter cells

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36
Q

What are the events in prophase II?

A

Spindle apparatus forms chromosomes (still composed of two chromatids).

Moves towards metaphase plate

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37
Q

What are the events in metaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate.

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38
Q

What separates in anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids

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39
Q

What are the events in telophase II?

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

Nuclei forms and chromosomes begin decondensing

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40
Q

What are the four unique events to meiosis?

A

Crossing over

Synapsis (pairing homologues)

Sister chromatids remain attached during anaphase

Suppression of DNA replication during interphase

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41
Q

1 parent = 4 daughter

A

N=2n

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42
Q

1st meiosis
2nd meiosis

A

2n
n n
n n n n

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43
Q

Starting with 48 chromosomes (2n). How many in meiosis I and II?

A

24 and 24

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44
Q

Crossing over occurs in homologous _____.

A

Non sister chromatids

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45
Q

Crossing over occurs where on a chromosome?

A

Only the tip not middle

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46
Q

What are recombinant chromosomes?

A

Crossed over

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47
Q

What does 3 tetrads equal?

A

6 chromosomes= 12 chromatids

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48
Q

The segregation of the pair of alleles corresponds to the separation of _____ which occurs during _____ of meiosis 1.

A

Homologous chromosomes
Anaphase 1

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49
Q

When Mendel crossed contrasting, true breeding white and purple flowered pea plants all of the F1 hybrids were _____.

A

Purple

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50
Q

When Mendel crossed the F1 hybrids, many of the F2 plants had _____ flowers but some had _____ flowers.

A

Purple
White

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51
Q

The F1 hybrids had the recessive allele, but why were all of the F1 plants purple?

A

The dominant allele (purple) masked the recessive recessive allele (white).

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52
Q

Was the factor for white flowers diluted or destroyed in the F1 offspring? Explain.

A

No, because the gene was still there and it was just hidden by the dominant allele.

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53
Q

Mendel discovered a ratio of _____ in the _____ generation.

A

3 purple : 1 white
F2

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54
Q

What are the possible genotypes of the individual with a dominant phenotype?

A

AA or Aa

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55
Q

What will be done to know if the individual is homozygous or heterozygous dominant?

A

A test cross is performed

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56
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual.

57
Q

If the result of the test cross shows only the dominant phenotype, the mystery individual is _____.

A

PP (homozygous dominant)

58
Q

If the test cross shows 1:1 ratio dominant and recessive phenotypes, the mystery individual is _____.

A

Pp (heterozygous dominant)

59
Q

During meiosis, is the segregation and assortment of the alleles for shape dependent on the segregation and assortment of the alleles for color?

A

No, because they are inherited separately and randomly

60
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Dominant will produce only YR and other will produce only yr.

61
Q

What is the phenotype of the F1?

A

RrYy (round and yellow)

62
Q

If F1 hybrids are mates with each other, what are the different types of gametes that will be produced?

A

RY, Ry, rY, ry

63
Q

What is the phenotypic ratio of the F2 offspring?

A

9:3:3:1

64
Q

Complete dominance

A

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

65
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

66
Q

Codominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

67
Q

Two of the normal individuals have the recessive allele, why are those individuals not showing the recessive trait?

A

They are masked by the dominant allele

68
Q

When a dominant allele coexists with a recessive allele in a heterozygote, do they actually interact?

A

No

69
Q

In the cross between plants with red flowers and plants with red flowers and plants with white flowers, what is the phenotype of the F1 hybrids? Explain why.

A

Pink, because it is heterozygous where neither color is fully expressed

70
Q

When the F1 hybrids are crossed, are there offspring showing the parental (P1) phenotypes?

A

Yes showing both

71
Q

In codominance, two alleles at one locus produce phenotypes that are both present in the _____.

A

Heterozygote

72
Q

In ABO blood group, what are the alleles that are codominant?

A

AB

73
Q

For blood type AB, is there a homozygous genotype?

A

No

74
Q

Describe codominance in the feathers of a chicken.

A

Black and white if one parent is black and one parent is white

75
Q

Describe codominance in the coat color in cows.

A

Same as chicken

76
Q

Describe codominance in the camellia flowers.

A

Will display speckles of both colors

77
Q

In ABO blood group, what are the three alleles that determine the four phenotypes?

A

A, B, O

78
Q

The A allele is dominant over the _____ allele.

A

O

79
Q

The B allele is dominant over the _____ allele.

A

O

80
Q

The A and B alleles are _____.

A

Codominant

81
Q

What are the genotypes of the individuals with;
Blood type A:
Blood type B:
Blood type AB:
Blood type O:

A

AA, AO
BB, BO
AB
OO

82
Q

What is polygenic inheritance and give two examples?

A

Multiple genes are involved in controlling the phenotype of a trait

Phenotype is an accumulation of contributions by multiple genes

Traits show continuous variation and are referred to as quantitative traits

Example: human height

83
Q

What is pleiotrophy and give one example?

A

Refers to an allele which has more than one effect on the phenotype

Difficult to predict, because a gene that affects one trait often performs other unknown functions

Example: This can be seen in human diseases such as cystic fibrosis and
Marfan syndrome

Multiple symptoms can be traced back to one defective allele

84
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus

85
Q

How does epistasis affect grain color?

A

Allowing one gene to mask the expression of another gene involved in pigment production

86
Q

How does temperature affect the coat color of Siamese cats?

A

Coat color in Himalayan rabbits and Siamese cats.

Gene produces an enzyme that allows pigment production only at temperatures below 30 degrees Celsius.

87
Q

What is pedigree and what can be its uses?

A

Family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigree

Can also be used to make predictions about future offspring

88
Q

Separation of retreads occurs when?

A

Anaphase 1

89
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

One or the other, not a blend of traits

90
Q

At present the “hereditary factors” that Mendel was referring are called _____ and they are located in the _____.

A

Genes
Chromosomes

91
Q

What is a gene?

A

A specific segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein

92
Q

DNA is contained in what structures in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

93
Q

Chromosome theory states that _____.

A

Mendelian genetics have a specific loci (positions) on chromosomes

Chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment

94
Q

What accounts for mendels law of segregation and independent assortment?

A

The behavior of chromosomes during meiosis

95
Q

Law of segregation

A

Homologous pairing and segregation of homologous chromosomes during anaphase 1 leading to segregation of alleles into separate gametes

96
Q

Law of independent assortments

A

The alleles of two or more different genes assorted independently of each other during meiosis such that random combination of the genes from each pair winds up in the gametes. This occurs because there are various ways the homologous are aligned in the metaphase plate during metaphase 1

97
Q

What are the two sex chromosomes?

A

X and Y

98
Q

What gene is responsible for the development of the testes?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

99
Q

Sex linked traits are governed by genes found on the _____ chromosomes.

A

Sex

100
Q

What are the two types of sex linked traits?

A

X Linked
Y linked

101
Q

Give examples of X linked.

A

Color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

102
Q

Give examples of Y linked.

A

Hypertricosis

103
Q

For a recessive X linked trait to be expressed, females need _____ copies of the allele (homozygous) and males need only _____ copy of the allele (Hemizygous).

A

Two
One

104
Q

Where are sex linked recessive disorders much more common? Males or females? Why?

A

Males, because they are hemizygous (one and affected)

105
Q

The color blind father will transmit the mutant allele to all his _____ but not to his _____.

A

Daughter
Son

106
Q

Mother can pass the sex linked alleles to both _____ and _____.

A

Daughter
Son

107
Q

The man with hypertrychosis will transmit the trait to _____.

A

Males

108
Q

What is genetic hypertrichosis?

A

Hairiness of the external ear

109
Q

What are sex influenced traits?

A

They are governed by genes found on the AUTOSOMES but dominant in one sex and recessive in the other

110
Q

Examples of sex influenced traits?

A

Pattern baldness in humans

111
Q

What are sex limited traits?

A

They are governed by genes found on the AUTOSOMES but expressed in one sex

112
Q

Sex limited trait examples?

A

Feathering in chickens, milk production by females

113
Q

Pattern baldness is caused by an _____ gene.

A

Autosomal

114
Q

Allele B behaves as _____ in males but _____ in females.

A

Dominant
Recessive

115
Q

Pattern baldness: females
BB?
Bb?
bb?

A

Bald
Non
Non

116
Q

Pattern baldness: Males
BB?
Bb?
bb?

A

Bald
Bald
Non

117
Q

Feather plumage in chicken is caused by an _____ gene.

A

Autosomal

118
Q

Hen feathering is controlled by a _____ allele expressed in both sexes.

A

Dominant

119
Q

Cock feathering is controlled by a _____ allele only expressed in males.

A

Recessive

120
Q

Hen feathering or cock feathering: female
hh?
Hh?
HH?

A

Hen feathered for all

121
Q

Hen feathering or cock feathering: male
hh?
Hh?
HH?

A

Cock
Hen
Hen

122
Q

What is X inactivation in female mammals? What is the reason for X inactivation?

A

Most diploid cells have only one fully functional X chromosome

One of two X chromosomes in each cell is randomly activated during embryonic development

123
Q

What is a Barr body?

A

Inactive X

124
Q

If a female is heterozygous for a particular gene located on the X chromosome, she will be a _____ for that character.

A

Mosaic

125
Q

The gene for orange and black fur in cats is located in what sex chromosome?

A

Orange- XB
Black- Xb

126
Q

If B allele is for orange fur and b allele for black fur,what are the genders phenotypes are the of the following:
XBY
XbY
XBXB
XbXb
XBXb

A

Orange
Black
Orange
Black
Orange or black because of the random X inactivation

127
Q

In cats, the gene for coat color is located in the X chromosomes. One allele codes for orange coat (XB) and the other allele codes for black coat (Xb). A cross between an orange male cat and a calico female cat, would produce cats with _____ coat colors.

A

Orange and calico females and orange and black males

128
Q

What are examples of human genetic disorders?

A

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, tay sactis, hemophilia

129
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Failure of homologues and sister chromatids separate

130
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Gain or loss of chromosomes

131
Q

What happens to the gametes if no disjunction occurs at anaphase 1? What fails to separate in this case?

A

Homologous chromosomes

132
Q

What happens to the gametes if no disjunction occurs at anaphase 2. What fails to separate in this case?

A

Sister chromatids

133
Q

Separation of tetrads occurs when?

A

Anaphase 1

134
Q

Particulate inheritance?

A

One or the other, not a blend of traits

135
Q

Second law

A

Separate independently

Dihybrid cross

Only genes nonhomologous

136
Q

Cock feathering is a _____ allele only.

A

Recessive

137
Q

Why does X inactivation happen?

A

To prevent from doubling

138
Q

X inactivation in _____ after fertilization.

A

Somatic cells

139
Q

Nondisjunction can result to _____.

A

Down syndrome

Biology I (4 decks)

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