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Biology I > Ch. The Rest Of 3, 4, 5, & 6 Test > Flashcards

Ch. The Rest Of 3, 4, 5, & 6 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

Long-term storage of information

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2
Q

What parts of the cell contain DNA?

A

The nucleus

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3
Q

What composes proteins?

A

Polypeptides

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4
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

The bond that links amino acids together

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5
Q

What groups compose an amino acid?

A

Carboxyl, amino, side (R)

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6
Q

What is the carbon called that attaches amino acid groups together?

A

Alpha

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7
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

Catalyst
Support
Coordination
Transport
Movement
Defense
Receptors

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8
Q

How many kinds of amino acids make up a protein?

A

20

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9
Q

The 20 different kinds of amino acids are different with each other through what group?

A

The side (R) group

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10
Q

Differentiate essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids

A

Essential: cells cannot synthesize
Non-essential: cells can synthesize

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11
Q

Peptide bond is formed between what groups of the participating amino acids?

A

The amino group of the first and the carboxyl group of the second amino acid

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12
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

1.) primary
2.) secondary
3.) tertiary
4.) quaternary

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13
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

It’s amino acid sequence

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14
Q

Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of _____ and _____ in the polypeptide chain.

A

Alpha helix (coil), beta pleated (pleating)

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15
Q

What bonds are responsible for the secondary structure of the protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Tertiary structure is determined by?

A

The interactions of side chains from the polypeptide backbone

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17
Q

What bonds are responsible for the tertiary level structure of proteins?

A

Disulfide, ionic, and hydrophobic bonds

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18
Q

When does quaternary structure result?

A

When a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains.

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19
Q

What are polypeptide chains called?

A

Subunits

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20
Q

How many polypeptide chains compose collagen and hemoglobin? What are the functions of these proteins?

A

Collagen: 3, structural support
Hemoglobin: 4, transport of O2

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21
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Loss of a proteins native structure (secondary and tertiary).

Loses coiling structure (becomes linear)

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22
Q

What is renaturation?

A

Restoring a protein to its original structure.

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23
Q

If proteins are denatured, are the still biologically active?

A

No

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24
Q

What are some factors that affect the structure of proteins?

A

Change in temp or pH of the environment.

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25
Q

Give examples of lipids.

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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26
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

No

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27
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

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28
Q

What are the functions of lipids? Give examples.

A

Energy storage (fats)

Component of cell membranes (phospholipids, steroids)

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29
Q

What makes up a fat molecule?

A

1 glycerol and fatty acids (hydrocarbon)

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30
Q

What is another name for fat?

A

Triacylglycerol

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31
Q

Differentiate saturated from unsaturated fatty acids.

A

Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds in hydrocarbon

Unsaturated fatty acids: one or more double bonds in hydrocarbon (oil)

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32
Q

What are saturated fats made of?

A

No double bonds of hydrocarbons

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33
Q

Are saturated fats solid at room temperature?

A

Yes

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34
Q

Give an example of a saturated fat.

A

Butter

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35
Q

What are unsaturated fats made of?

A

One or more double bonds of hydrocarbon

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36
Q

Are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

Yes

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37
Q

Give examples of unsaturated fats.

A

Vegetable oil
Plant oil
Fish oil

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38
Q

What composes phospholipids?

A

Phosphate group

Glycerol

2 fatty acids

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39
Q

What group of the phospholipids is hydrophilic?

A

Head

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40
Q

What group of the phospholipids is hydrophobic?

A

Tails

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41
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water loving

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42
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water fearing

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43
Q

What is one major component of the cell membrane?

A

Bolster of phospholipids

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44
Q

What is common among steroids?

A

They have a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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45
Q

Give examples of steroids.

A

Cortisol

Cholesterol

Testosterone

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46
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms

All cells come from other cells

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47
Q

Who was credited for formulating the cell theory?

A

Theodore Schwann
Matthias schleiden
Rodulf virchow

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48
Q

Why is the cell small and what limits the size of the cell?

A

The surface area to volume ratio

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49
Q

Compare volume, surface area and surface area to volume ratio in smaller cells and bigger cells

A

Small cell: SA=12.57 units squared, V=4.189 units cubed, SA/V is greater

Big cell: SA=1257, V=4189 units cubed, SA/V is smaller

Big cell is 10 times bigger than small cell

Big cells volume increases faster in volume than surface area because it is cubed

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50
Q

What is the importance of greater surface area to volume in smaller cells?

A

Greater surface area=
Faster rate of metabolism
Faster rate of transport
Faster growth rate

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51
Q

What is microscopy?

A

The use of a microscope (light or electrons) to magnify objects

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52
Q

What is wavelength?

A

Increasing resolving power from A to B

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53
Q

What has greater resolving power on the white light scale?

A

Violet because it is 400 nm and red has 700 micro m

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54
Q

What lights are used in microscopy?

A

Light and electron

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55
Q

What is resolution?

A

Clarity of an image

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56
Q

What is resolving power?

A

Limit of resolution= minimum distance between two points to be viewed as separate (TWO different objects)

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57
Q

What is magnification?

A

Apparent increase in the size of the specimen or the object.

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58
Q

How do you determine total magnification?

A

Multiplying the objective lens by the ocular lens

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59
Q

What times (x) is the objective lens?

A

10x

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60
Q

Why do light rays bend when they travel from air to glass?

A

Because air is less dense than glass so there is a change in density

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61
Q

Describe how an image is produced in the compound microscope.

A

The image appears larger and inverted (opposite)

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62
Q

Why is the object inverted when observed under the microscope?

A

There is bending of light (refraction)

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63
Q

What is contrast?

A

The difference in light intensity or color between a specimen and its background

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64
Q

Which tail on the phospholipid is saturated and why?

A

The straight tail because it is linear not bent which means there are no double bonds

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65
Q

What is the limit of resolution of humans?

A

0.1 mm

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66
Q

What is the relationship for a better picture of resolution and a worse picture of resolution?

A

The smaller the number, the better the picture

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67
Q

What is a way to tell something’s limit of resolution?

A

If the two points are equal or greater than its limit of resolution then it is resolved

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68
Q

What has more resolution power?

A

Electron

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69
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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70
Q

Differentiate prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.

A

Pro- DNA in the nucleiod (no nucleus)
Euk- DNA in the nucleus

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71
Q

What are examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Pro- bacteria
Euk- animals, fungi

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72
Q

Parts of a bacterial cell.

A

Fimbriae or pili- sometimes
Nucleiod
Ribosomes
Plasma membrane
Cell wall- except mycoplasmas
Capsule- sometimes
Flagella- sometimes

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73
Q

Function of a fimbriae or pili.

A

For attachment

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74
Q

Function of nucleiod.

A

Contains genetic material (DNA)

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75
Q

Function of ribosomes.

A

For protein synthesis

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76
Q

Function of plasma membrane.

A

For ATP generation (cellular respiration) photosynthesis, transport

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77
Q

Function of the cell wall.

A

For protection against osmotic lysis

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78
Q

Function of a capsule.

A

For protection against phagocytes and for attachment

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79
Q

Function of the flagella.

A

For movement or motility

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80
Q

Comparison of animals vs plants.

A

Plants- water moving in the cell will not burst the cell, making ATP (cellular respiration) takes place in the plasma membrane

Animals- water in the cell will burst the cell, making ATP takes place in the mitochondria

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81
Q

What parts are present in all animal cells and absent in plant cells?

A

Centrosome and lysosome

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82
Q

What parts are present in plant cells and absent in animal cells?

A

Central vacuoles and cell wall

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83
Q

What parts are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Ribosome and plasma membrane

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84
Q

What parts are present in both plant and animal cells?

A

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi bodies
Perixisomes
Vesicles
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Plasma membrane
DNA

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85
Q

How is a cell analogous to a factory like a a chocolate factory?

A

Different parts of both have specific functions

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86
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA (site of rRNA synthesis)

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87
Q

What structure encloses the nuclear materials?

A

Nuclear envelope/membrane

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88
Q

What structure regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus?

A

Nuclear pore

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89
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesize proteins

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90
Q

What substances compose ribosomes?

A

rRNA and proteins

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91
Q

What part of the cell are ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm

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92
Q

Differentiate eukaryotic ribosomes from prokaryotic ribosomes.

A

Pro- has free ribosomes
Euk- has bounded ribosomes

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93
Q

What are the components of the endomembrane system?

A

1.) nuclear envelope
2.) endoplasmic reticulum
3.) lysosomes
4.) vacuoles
5.) Golgi apparatus
6.) plasma membrane

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94
Q

Describe the transport of proteins and lipids in the endomembrane system.

A

RER and SER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane

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95
Q

Differentiate the two kinds of ER.

A

Rough- has ribosomes
Smooth- does not have ribosomes

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96
Q

What are the functions of smooth ER?

A

Makes proteins for inside the cell

Distributes transport vesicles

Membrane factory for the cell

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97
Q

What are the functions of rough ER?

A

Makes proteins to export out of the cell

Synthesizes lipids and steroids

Metabolizes carbohydrates

Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Stores calcium ions

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98
Q

What are the functions of Golgi bodies?

A

Modifies products of the ER

Manufactures certain macro-molecules

Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

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99
Q

What is cisternae?

A

Flattened membranous sacs like Golgi bodies

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100
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes?

A

Digestion of proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids

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101
Q

What are vacuoles and where do they derive from?

A

A membrane-bounded vesicle derived from the ER and Golgi

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102
Q

What are the kinds of vacuoles?

A

Food

Contractile

Central

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103
Q

What is the food vacuole?

A

A vacuole that is formed from phagocytosis

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104
Q

What is the function of contractile vacuoles?

A

To pump excess water out of cells

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105
Q

What is the vacuole found in plants?

A

Central

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106
Q

What are the functions of the central vacuole?

A

Digestion
Storage
Waste disposal
Water balance
Cell growth
Protection

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107
Q

Are fibrullae long or short?

A

Short

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108
Q

Is the flagellum long or short?

A

Long

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109
Q

What is the capsule made of and what are they protection against?

A

Polysaccharides and protect against WBC’s

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110
Q

What are chromosomes made of?

A

DNA

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111
Q

How does gene expression take place?

A

DNA—>mRNA—>Proteins

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112
Q

How do proteins transport?

A

RER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane

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113
Q

How do lipids transport?

A

SER—>Golgi—>plasma membrane

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114
Q

What does hydrolysis mean?

A

Break down

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115
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

Specialized metabolic compartments

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116
Q

What are the functions of a peroxisome?

A

Produce catalase

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117
Q

What is the action of a catalase?

A

An enzyme that will break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

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118
Q

Give the functions of the plasma membrane.

A

Regulates transport

Shape

Protection

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119
Q

The plasma membrane is semi-permeable. What is meant by semi-permeable?

A

Some materials can pass through and some cannot (selective)

120
Q

What macromolecules compose the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

121
Q

The mitochondrion has inner and outer membranes. What is the inner membrane called?

A

Plasma membrane

122
Q

What are the wavy folds in the inner membrane?

A

Cristae

123
Q

Why does the inner membrane have Cristae?

A

To increase surface area for cellular respiration

124
Q

What are contained in the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

Enzymes for cellular respiration

125
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

126
Q

What is the green pigment in chloroplasts?

A

Chlorophyll

127
Q

What are the parts of the chloroplasts?

A

Inner and outer membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum

128
Q

What are granum?

A

Thylakoids that are stacked together

129
Q

What are stroma?

A

The liquid portion in chloroplast

130
Q

What are the similarities of mitochondria and chloroplasts with bacteria?

A

They have free ribosomes and circular data

They grow and produce somewhat independently in the cell

131
Q

Discuss the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts by the endosymbiont theory?

A

A eukaryotic (non-photosynthetic) cell engulfs a prokaryote (photosynthetic), which then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the host eukaryote, gradually developing into a mitochondrion

Eukaryotes become a mitochondria and prokaryotes become a chloroplast

132
Q

What are cytoskeletons?

A

Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

133
Q

What are the functions of cytoskeletons?

A

Support
Shape
Motility

134
Q

What are the components of the cytoskeleton and describe each?

A

Microtubule- largest diameter
Intermediate filaments- between diameter
Actin filaments- smallest diameter

135
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Short cylinders

136
Q

What is a centrosomes functions?

A

In animal cells, microtubules grow out near the nucleus

Participates in cell division

Microtubule-organizing center

137
Q

Where is the centrosome found and what does it have?

A

Found in the nuclear envelope

It has a pair of centrioles

138
Q

What is a centriole composed of?

A

Nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

139
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall?

A

Protection
Support
Shape

140
Q

What is the major composition of cell walls in plants?

A

Mainly cellulose

141
Q

What is the major composition of cell walls in fungi?

A

Mainly chitin

142
Q

What is the major composition of cell walls in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

143
Q

Name the layers of plant cell walls and describe them.

A

Primary wall-outer wall
Secondary wall-inside primary wall
Middle lamella-space in between
Plasma membrane- outside cell wall

144
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

Specialized openings in cell walls

145
Q

What is the extracellular matrix? (ECM)

A

An elaborate mixture of glycoproteins secreted by animal cells into the space around them

146
Q

What is the function of ECM?

A

protection

147
Q

What is a “cell-to-cell” interaction?

A

Cells make contact “read” each other and react

148
Q

What do cells use to make contact “read” each other and react?

A

Glycolipids and MHC proteins

149
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

Most tissue-specific cell surface markers

150
Q

What are MHC proteins?

A

Recognition of “self” and “non self” cells by the immune system

151
Q

What are the three kinds of cell connections?

A

Adhesive junctions
Septate or tight junctions
Communicating junctions

152
Q

What does the adhesive junction do?

A

Attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells or cells to the ECM ( includes adherents junctions and desmosomes)

153
Q

What does the septate or tight junctions do?

A

Connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet (no leakage)

154
Q

What does communicating junctions do?

A

Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to another adjacent one (gap junction and plasmodesmata)

155
Q

What bounds the cell from its surroundings?

A

Cell/plasma membrane

156
Q

The plasma membrane is semi permeable. What is meant by semipermeable?

A

Very selective

157
Q

What is one major function of the plasma membrane?

A

Regulates transport of materials?

158
Q

Describe the structure and composition of the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. What composes the plasma membrane?

A

Composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, with embedded proteins, cholesterol molecules, and associated carbohydrates.

159
Q

How many layers of phospholipids are there?

A

2

160
Q

Where are the proteins located?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

161
Q

What are the four major components of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

Transmembrane proteins

Interior protein network

Cell surface markers

162
Q

What component is responsible for the semi permeability of the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

163
Q

What component is responsible for transport of substances?

A

Transmembrane proteins

164
Q

What component is responsible for support?

A

Interior proteins

165
Q

What component is responsible for surface markers?

A

Cell surface markers

166
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

Stroma

167
Q

Where does cellular respiration and photosynthesis happen?

A

Plasma membrane

168
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

Plasma membrane

169
Q

Does non photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll?

A

No

170
Q

How is d perceived in the microscope?

A

Upside down and backwards (inverted) (p)

171
Q

What engulfs what in endosymbiosis?

A

Non photosynthetic engulfs photosynthetic

172
Q

What type of molecule are phospholipids?

A

Amphiphatic

173
Q

What is amphiphatic?

A

Has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

174
Q

Is the plasma membrane more fluid with saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated

175
Q

What is a fluidity buffer?

A

Helps maintain consistent level of fluidity

176
Q

What works as a fluidity buffer in the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol

177
Q

How does the fluidity buffer work with different temps?

A

Higher temp (>37C)= restricts movement of phospholipids (increase fluidity)

Lower temp (<37C)= prevents phospholipids from packing closely together ( decrease fluidity)

178
Q

What are the different membrane proteins?

A

Transport
Receptor
Adhesion
Recognition
Enzyme
Structural

179
Q

Function of a transport protein

A

Move molecules across the cell membrane

180
Q

Function of a receptor protein

A

Received and transmits signals

181
Q

Function of adhesion proteins

A

Helps stick to each other or to ECM

182
Q

Function of recognition proteins

A

Helps identify cells

183
Q

Function of enzyme proteins

A

Speeds up chemical rxns

184
Q

Function of structural proteins

A

Maintains shape and structure

185
Q

Describe the movement of most phospholipids and proteins

A

Diffuse laterally through the membrane

186
Q

What factor affects the state of the membranes?

A

Temperature

187
Q

Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acid are ___.

A

More fluid

188
Q

Membranes rich in saturated fatty acids are _____.

A

More rigid

189
Q

Does passive transport or active transport require energy (ATP)?

A

Active

190
Q

Does passive transport or active transport have materials move along a concentration gradient?

A

Passive

191
Q

Does passive transport or active transport have materials run against the concentration gradient?

A

Active

192
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Moves substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration

No ATP

193
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration

Use of ATP

194
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of high concentration to low concentration down the concentration gradient

195
Q

When does net diffusion stop?

A

When it gets to equilibrium

196
Q

When at equilibrium, do molecules stop moving?

A

No

197
Q

Is diffusion of one compound independent to diffusion of other compounds?

A

Yes

198
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

From an area of high concentration to low concentration with help of transport protein

199
Q

Glucose enters the cells by what transport process?

A

Facilitated diffusion

200
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel proteins
Carrier proteins

201
Q

Differentiate channel proteins from carrier proteins

A

Channel- specific
Carrier- non specific

202
Q

How are diffusion and facilitated diffusion different?

A

Diffusion- no transport proteins, movement of water

Facilitated diffusion- transport proteins, movement of larger molecules

203
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane into an area of higher solute concentration

204
Q

What is the principle of osmosis?

A

The movement of water (dilute) to a place of higher concentration

205
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Solution outside the cell is dilute compared to solution outside cell

206
Q

Where does water move in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell

207
Q

What happens to plant cells and RBCs in a hypotonic solution?

A

Plant cell- stiffens
RBC- burst

208
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Solution outside the cell is concentrated compared to solution inside the cell

209
Q

Where does water move in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell

210
Q

What happens to a plant cell and an RBC in a hypertonic solution?

A

Plant cell- shrink
RBC- shrink

211
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Plant cell loses water

212
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Solution outside the cell stays the same compared to solution inside the cell

213
Q

What happens to the water in an isotonic solution?

A

Stays the same (equal)

214
Q

What happens to the cell in an isotonic solution?

A

Stays the same

215
Q

What are the carrier proteins involved in active transport?

A

Uniporters
Symporters
Antiporters

216
Q

Uniporter?

A

Move one molecule at a time

217
Q

Symporter?

A

Move two molecules in the same direction

218
Q

Antiporter?

A

Move two molecules in the opposite direction

219
Q

In the sodium potassium pump, what two fluids are there?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

220
Q

Intracellular fluid?

A

Higher concentration of potassium and lower concentration of sodium

221
Q

Extracellular fluid?

A

Higher concentration of sodium and lower concentration of potassium

222
Q

Sodium ions move from?

A

Low to high

223
Q

Potassium ions move from?

A

High to low

224
Q

Why is ATP needed in active transport?

A

Provides energy to move against the concentration gradient

225
Q

Difference between active transport and facilitated transport?

A

Active- uses ATP against a concentration gradient

Facilitated- does not use ATP down a concentration gradient

226
Q

Two types transport in passive transport

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

227
Q

Transport in active transport

A

Bulk transport

228
Q

Types of bulk transport

A

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

229
Q

Aquaporin?

A

Carrier for water

230
Q

Free water?

A

Not attracted to sugar

231
Q

Bound water?

A

Attracted to sugar

232
Q

Concentrated?

A

High sugar, low free water

233
Q

Dilute?

A

Low sugar, high free water

234
Q

Explain the application of osmosis and active transport in the life cycle of salmon.

A

Freshwater: water enters, does not drink, sodium and potassium are going in, urine is dilute.

Saltwater: water exports, drinks, sodium and potassium are going out, urine is concentrate.

235
Q

Endocytosis?

A

Movement of substances into the cell

236
Q

Three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

237
Q

Phagocytosis?

A

Cells take place in a particulate manner

238
Q

Pinocytosis?

A

Cell takes in fluid only

239
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor

240
Q

Exocytosis?

A

Discharge of materials out of the cell

241
Q

Uses of Exocytosis?

A

Used in plants to export cell wall material

Used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, and digestive enzymes

242
Q

Difference between endocytosis and Exocytosis?

A

Endo- engulfs materials
Exo- exports materials

243
Q

Thermodynamics?

A

Science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy

244
Q

First law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another

245
Q

Second law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

246
Q

What is entropy?

A

Disorder/randomness

247
Q

What is energy?

A

Ability to do work or bring about change

248
Q

What is energy measured as?

A

Calories or Jules

249
Q

Two forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and potential

250
Q

Difference in kinetic and potential energy?

A

Kinetic- energy in motion
Potential- energy that matter possesses

251
Q

Examples of kinetic energy?

A

Light
Mechanical (motion)
Electrical
Thermal (heat)

252
Q

Examples of potential energy?

A

Chemical energy:
Food, gas, wood

Gravitational energy:
Energy from height above the earth

253
Q

Light energy from the sun is transformed by plants to _____ energy.

A

Potential

254
Q

When plants are eaten by animals, the chemical energy is transformed to _____ energy.

A

Kinetic

255
Q

When animals walk, move or run, the chemical energy is transformed to _____ energy.

A

Kinetic

256
Q

What is released to the environment when energy is transformed from one form to another?

A

Heat energy

257
Q

Redox reaction?

A

Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

258
Q

Oxidation?

A

A substance loses electrons

259
Q

Reduction?

A

Substance gains an electron

260
Q

What is free energy?

A

Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell

261
Q

G<0

A

Spontaneous

Reactants have more free energy than products

Downhill rxn

Exergonic

262
Q

G>0

A

Non spontaneous

Reactants have less free energy than products

Uphill rxn

Endergonic

263
Q

Difference between exergonic and endergonic

A

Exergonic- release of energy, breaking big molecules

Endergonic- absorbs energy, building big molecules

264
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine tri phosphate, energy

265
Q

Three components of ATP?

A

3 phosphates

Ribose

Adenine

266
Q

When one phosphate of ATP is hydrolyzed, what is released?

A

Free energy

267
Q

What is used to perform cellular work?

A

ATP

268
Q

What are some types of cellular work?

A

Mechanical

Chemical

Transport

269
Q

Similarities and differences of combustion and cell respiration?

A

Combustion- kinetic energy for movement, one time release

Cell respiration- energy for cellular work, gradual release

They both convert

270
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Catalyst

271
Q

Catalyst?

A

Speeds up chemical rxn

272
Q

Are enzymes very specific for the reactants (substrates)?

A

Yes

273
Q

Are enzymes consumed after the rxn?

A

No

274
Q

How are enzymes named?

A

By adding suffix “ase”

275
Q

Active site?

A

Region on enzyme that substrate binds

276
Q

Substrate?

A

Reactant that an enzyme acts on

277
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Complex that is formed when enzyme binds to its substrate

278
Q

Steps of sucrose breaking down by sucrase.

A

1.) sugars are bonded
2.) sucrose binds to substrate
3.) binding of substrate stresses bind until it breaks
4.) products are released and enzyme can bind again

279
Q

How does an enzyme speed up chemical rxns in a cell?

A

Lowering activation energy by orienting correctly and or straining bonds

280
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Initial energy needed to start a chemical rxn

281
Q

Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed rxn occur faster and why?

A

Catalyzed because the activation energy is lower

282
Q

Explain the induced fit model of enzyme in action.

A

The enzyme changes shape when the substrate enters it

283
Q

Factors affecting rate of enzyme activity?

A

Temperature

pH

Concentration of enzyme

Concentration of substrate

284
Q

Effect of temp on rate of enzyme action?

A

When temp increases the enzyme action is faster because there are more enzymes until the optimum and past the optimum hydrogen bonds break (denature)

285
Q

Effect of pH on rate of enzyme action?

A

Below or above optimum pH enzymes denature. Enzymes must stay at optimum pH.

286
Q

Why do apples slices turn brown after being cut?

A

They are oxidized by oxygen and polyphenoloxidase (enzyme)

287
Q

Coating an apple with sugar?

A

Oxygen is prevented therefore no browning

288
Q

Soaking apple in pineapple or lemon juice?

A

Kills enzymes doesn’t brown

289
Q

Blanching apple in boiling water?

A

Kills enzymes, doesn’t brown

290
Q

What do phagocytes do in cell?

A

Eat or engulf

291
Q

In cellular respiration, what is potential energy converted to?

A

Potential energy

292
Q

What happens do reducing agent?

A

Oxidized

293
Q

What happens to oxidizing agent?

A

Reduced

294
Q

Gibbs free energy equation?

A

H-TS

295
Q

Are enzymes proteins?

A

Yes

Biology I (4 decks)

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