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Biology I > Ch. 1,2, & 3 Test > Flashcards

Ch. 1,2, & 3 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

Biology

A

Scientific study of living things

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2
Q

Organisms are grouped into how many domains? What are the domains?

A
  1. Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
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3
Q

What domains are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic: archaea, bacteria
Eukaryotic: eukaryotic

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4
Q

What domains are unicellular or multicellular?

A

Uni: archaea, bacteria
Multi: eukarya

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5
Q

Which out of the eukarya group is unicellular?

A

Protists

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6
Q

Which domains have an absent nucleus or present nucleus?

A

Absent: archaea, bacteria
Present: eukarya

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7
Q

Which domains have a membrane bound organelle present or absent?

A

Absent: archaea, bacteria
Present: eukarya

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8
Q

What are the common themes that reveal the diverse forms of life?

A

1.) levels of biological info
2.) transfer and transformation of energy and matter
3.) expression and transmission of genetic info
4.) evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life

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9
Q

Levels of organization in order ( starting from cellular level) (smallest to largest)

A

1.) atom
2.) molecule
3.) organelle
4.) cell
5.) tissue
6.) organ
7.) organ system
8.) organism
9.) population
10.) community
11.) ecosystem
12.) biosphere

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10
Q

What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

A

Cell

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11
Q

Give an example with how structure correlates to function.

A

Hummingbirds have flexible shoulder joints allowing their wings to rotate 180 degrees which enables backward flight and stationary hovering.

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12
Q

What are the two major processes in the ecosystem?

A

1.) energy flow
2.) chemical cycle

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13
Q

What is the major source of energy on the earth?

A

The sun

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14
Q

Light energy from the sun is converted by plants to _____ form of energy.

A

Glucose

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15
Q

When plants are eaten by animals, the _____ is converted to _____.

A

Chemical energy, ATP

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16
Q

During energy transformation, what energy is released?

A

Chemical energy

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17
Q

What organisms return the nutrients back to the environment?

A

Decomposers

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18
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins in the nucleus.

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19
Q

What composes chromosomes?

A

DNA and proteins

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20
Q

What is DNA?

A

Genetic info

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21
Q

What is a gene?

A

Specific sequence of DNA coding for a specific protein.

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22
Q

Chromosomes are located in what organelle in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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23
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Cells use info encoded in a gene to synthesize a functional protein.

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24
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.

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25
Q

What is translation?

A

mRNA to protein

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26
Q

What is the product of gene expression?

A

Proteins

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27
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Biological processes in which new organisms are produced.

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28
Q

Describe how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life?

A
  • DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
  • similarities between organisms are evident at all levels of the biological hierarchy.
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29
Q

In Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection published in 1859. What are the two main points?

A

1.) species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors.
2.) Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”.

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30
Q

What were the three observations of Darwin from nature?

A

1.) individuals in a population vary in their genes many of which are heritable.
2.) more offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable.
3.) species generally suit their environment.

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31
Q

Darwin called the process where the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits what?

A

Natural selection

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32
Q

Describe what you understand about “descent with modification from a common ancestor”.

A

A process in which species change and give rise to new species over many generations.

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33
Q

What are the evidences of evolution?

A

1.) fossil records
2.) comparative anatomy
3.) comparative embryology
4.) molecular biology

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34
Q

What are fossils? How are fossils used as evidence of evolution?

A

Records of the past and they are used as evidence of evolution to show us how organisms have changed over time to adapt to their environment.

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35
Q

The shared anatomy of mammalian limbs reflects what?

A

Descent with modification from a common ancestor.

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36
Q

The diversity of mammalian limbs results from what?

A

Natural selection

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37
Q

At the basic level, all living things share the same what?

A

1.) cellular organization
2.) DNA
3.) ability to reproduce

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38
Q

Compare the difference in amino acid composing hemoglobin of human to rhesus, dog, bird, and frog.

A

Rhesus: 5
Dog: 32
Bird: 45
Frog: 68

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39
Q

What is comparative embryology? How is comparative embryology used as evidence of evolution?

A

The study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species and it is evidence that we all share a similar structure at an embryological level.

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40
Q

Name two things present in the early stages of vertebrate embryos.

A

Gill slits and an a tail

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41
Q

What is science? Biology is what type of science?

A

The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.

Natural science

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42
Q

Differentiate deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.

A

Deductive reasoning: general to specific
Inductive reasoning: specific to general

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43
Q

The scientific method in order

A

1.) observation
2.) question
3.) hypothesis
4.) prediction
5.) experiment
6.) conclusion

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44
Q

What is a hypothesis? What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? If the hypothesis is valid, can the results be predicted?

A

A scientific guess

Testable, falsifiable, precise, simple and straightforward

Yes

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45
Q

Differentiate independent variable from dependent variable

A

Independent: factor changed in experiment

Dependent: factor observed or measured in the experiment

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46
Q

What is done to test the hypothesis?

A

Measuring and examining a random sample of the population being analyzed.

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47
Q

In the effects of light on seed germination, what sample groups are present in a controlled experiment? What sample group receives treatment? What sample group does not receive treatment? What is the conclusion?

A

Control- seed, experiment- light

Experiment

Control

Seeds will germinate more with light

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48
Q

What is a theory?

A

An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.

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49
Q

What is scientific law?

A

A statement that describes an observable occurrence in nature that appears to always be true.

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50
Q

Why is water important to living things?

A

It is the biological medium on earth.

All living things require water more than any other substance

Most cells are surrounded by water and cells themselves are about 70-95% water

The abundance of water is the main reason the earth is habitable

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51
Q

What are the atoms composing a water molecule?

A

2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

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52
Q

What type of bond joins the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?

A

Polar covalent bond

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53
Q

What is a hydrogen bond and how is it formed between neighboring water molecules?

A

A weak chemical bond

A weak static bond between a weak partial negative and a weak partial positive charge

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54
Q

Describe the arrangement of water molecules in solid, liquid, and gaseous state.

A

Solid: 3-4 H bonds, crystalline structure, hexagonal, less dense than liquid water

Liquid: more dense than solid water, 2-3 H bonds

Gas: 0-1 H bond, less dense than both

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55
Q

What are the unique properties of water?

A

1.) polar

2.) high specific heat

3.) high heat vaporization

4.) denser at 4 degrees C

5.) versatile solvent

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56
Q

What is meant by polar?

A

Unequal distribution of charges

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57
Q

What makes a water molecule polar?

A

One end is partially negative and the other end is partially positive. (Hydrogen bond)

58
Q

What bonds are formed between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

59
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The sticking together of the same molecules

60
Q

What is adhesion

A

The sticking together of opposite molecules

61
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

62
Q

What property of water made the insect (water strider) walk on the water?

A

High surface tension

63
Q

What is the specific heat of a substance?

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost if 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C

64
Q

What are the effects of high specific heat of water and what is an example?

A

It helps regulate temperature and minimizes temperature fluctuations.

During the day in summer, water ABSORBS heat from WARM air and during the night in winter, water RELEASES. Heat to COLD air.

65
Q

What is heat of vaporization?

A

The heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to a gas

66
Q

What is evaporative cooling?

A

As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools.

67
Q

What is an effect of evaporative cooling?

A

The air is cooled down

68
Q

What is the global importance of high heat of vaporization of water?

A

It plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s temperature and climate.

69
Q

What is the density of liquid water at 0 degrees C?

A

0.92 g/cm3

70
Q

What is the density of liquid water at 4 degrees C?

A

1 g/cm3

71
Q

What is the density of liquid water at 20 degrees C?

A

0.9982 g/cm3

72
Q

Which is more dense, solid or liquid water? Differentiate the arrangement
Of water molecules in solid water and liquid water.

A

Liquid water

Solid water molecules are further apart and liquid water molecules are closer together

73
Q

What happens to a can of soda if you leave it overnight in the freezer?

A

It expands. The volume increases

74
Q

Why does ice float in liquid water?

A

It has a hexagonal structure which means it has more space between the molecules

75
Q

If ice is heavier than liquid water, what do you think would happen to the life in the oceans and lakes?

A

All living things in the water would die when the water freezes in the winter because ice would freeze from the bottom up.

76
Q

If ice is heavier than liquid water, what do you think would happen to the life in the oceans and lakes?

A

All living things in the water would die when the water freezes in the winter because ice would freeze from the bottom up.

77
Q

Some types of mixtures and describe each.

A

Solution- homogeneous mixture ( salt and water mix)

Suspension- heterogeneous mixture (sand and water separate)

Colloid- stable suspension of fine particles suspend (oil and water)

78
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Dissolving agent of a solution (water)

79
Q

What is a solute?

A

Substance that is dissolved (salt)

80
Q

In an aqueous solution, what is water?

A

The solvent

81
Q

What is happening when NaCl dissolves in water?

A

Na and Cl separate and a hydration shell forms around each molecule.

82
Q

What is a hydration shell?

A

When water surrounds an ion

83
Q

What is pH?

A

-log[H+]

84
Q

What is H+ and OH- concentrations of water? Differentiate an acid from a base.

A

Acid- any substance that dissociates in water to increase H+, donates hydrogen

Base- substance that combines with H+ dissolves in water and thus lowers the [H+]

85
Q

If the substance is acidic, it has a greater concentration of _____ and lowers the concentration of _____.

A

H+, OH-

86
Q

If the substance is basic, it has a greater concentration of _____ and a lower concentration of _____.

A

OH-, H+

87
Q

What are buffers and explain how buffers resists change in pH?

A

Substance that resists changes in pH.

*releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added. (Acid)
*absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added. (Base)

Overall effect of keeping the pH relatively constant.

Blood has to maintain 7.4 pH

88
Q

What consists of a biological buffer? How does the biological buffer maintain the pH of the blood?

A

Human body (base- sodium bicarbonate, acid- carbonic acid)

Hydronic ions are removed, preventing the pH of blood from becoming acidic and base absorbs hydrogen ions.

89
Q

What primarily consists of the framework of biological molecules?

A

Carbon bonding to C, O, N, S, P, or H

*can form up to 4 covalent bonds

  • hydrocarbons- molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
90
Q

Differentiate organic compounds from inorganic compounds.

A

Organic: C-H bonds (ex. Glucose (C6H12O6))

Inorganic: without carbon or without C-H bonds (ex. Salt (NaCl), carbon dioxide (CO2))

91
Q

Which of the following are organic or inorganic compounds?

C6H12O6
CO2
CH4
NaCl

A

Organic
Inorganic
Organic
Inorganic

92
Q

Name the four important macromolecules.

A

1.) carbohydrates

2.) nucleic acids

3.) proteins

4.) lipids

93
Q

Which of the four macromolecules are polymers? Which are not polymers?

A

Polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins

Non-polymers: lipids

94
Q

What is a polymer? And what are the building blocks of a polymer called?

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.

Monomers

95
Q

How many monomers are there and what are they?

A

3, dimer, trimer, and tetramer

96
Q

What is a dimer?

A

Consists of 2 monomers

97
Q

What is a trimer?

A

3 monomers

98
Q

What is a tetramer?

A

4 monomers

99
Q

What reaction builds a polymer? Is a water molecule added or removed?

A

Dehydration

Removed

100
Q

What reaction breaks a polymer? Is a water molecule added or removed?

A

Hydrolysis

Added

101
Q

Name three functions of carbohydrates.

A

1.) nutrients ( energy and source)

2.) storage (energy and source)

3.) structural support

102
Q

Name three types of carbohydrates.

A

1.) monosaccharides (monomer) (if broken forms 1 H 2 C 1 O)

2.) disaccharides (dimer)

3.) polysaccharides ( 3 or more monosaccharides)

103
Q

What is another name for monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugar

104
Q

Give some examples of monosaccharides. Which are hexoses? Which are pentoses? What sugars are found in DNA and RNA?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
Pentose: ribose, deoxyribose

DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose

105
Q

Which sugar is blood sugar?

A

Glucose

106
Q

Which sugar is fruit sugar?

A

Fructose

107
Q

Which sugar is brain sugar?

A

Galactose

108
Q

The structural formula of glucose can be in linear form or ring form. Take note of the numbering of the carbon atoms. Which is carbon? 1,2,3,4,5,6?

A

C6H12O6, 5 carbon

109
Q

How many monosaccharides can make up a disaccharide? Name the reaction.

A

2

Dehydration

110
Q

Give examples of disaccharides.

A

Glucose + fructose —> sucrose + H2O

Glucose + Glucose—> maltose + H2O

Glucose + galactose —> lactose + H2O

111
Q

What sugar is table sugar?

A

Sucrose

112
Q

What sugar is malt sugar?

A

Maltose

113
Q

What sugar is milk sugar?

A

Lactose

114
Q

Which of the sugars is the least common in nature and is present in germinating grains?

A

Maltose

115
Q

What sugars compose maltose and sucrose? When disaccharides are synthesized, is water added or removed? Is it hydrolysis or dehydration?

A

Glucose and fructose

Added

Hydrolysis

116
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers of monosaccharides

117
Q

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch and glycogen

118
Q

What are examples of storage polysaccharides?

A

Starch

119
Q

What sugar units compose starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

120
Q

What are the two types of starch? Differentiate the two?

A

Amylose: a 1-4 linkages, short branches
Amylopectin: a1-6 linkages, long branches

121
Q

What organelles in plant cells store starch?

A

Cellulose (b 1-4)

122
Q

What sugar units compose glycogen?

A

8-12 glucose

123
Q

What organelle in animal cells store glycogen?

A

Amyloplasts, cytoplasm, mitochondria

124
Q

What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

A

Glycogen has shorter branches than amylopectin

125
Q

What is an example of a structural polysaccharide?

A

Cellulose

126
Q

What is the major component of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

127
Q

What is the major component of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

128
Q

In what way is starch different from cellulose?

A

Starch is branched and cellulose is linear and unbranched

129
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of mono nucleotides

130
Q

What composes a mononucleotide?

A

DNA and RNA

131
Q

The phosphate group is attached to what carbon number of the pentose sugar?

A

5’

132
Q

What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?

A

1.) pyrimidines
2.) purines

133
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

134
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

135
Q

What nitrogenous base is present only in DNA? What is present only in RNA?

A

DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil

136
Q

Differentiate RNA and DNA.

A

DNA only has thymine and RNA only has uracil

137
Q

How many strands are there in a DNA molecule?

A

2

138
Q

What is meant by anti parallel?

A

Two strands run opposite beside each other like the double helix.

139
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

A

Double helix

140
Q

What is the specificity in base pairing?

A

A-T in DNA A-U in RNA
G-C

141
Q

What are genes made of?

A

Sequences of DNA

Biology I (4 decks)

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