Ch. 1,2, & 3 Test Flashcards
Biology
Scientific study of living things
Organisms are grouped into how many domains? What are the domains?
- Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya
What domains are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic: archaea, bacteria
Eukaryotic: eukaryotic
What domains are unicellular or multicellular?
Uni: archaea, bacteria
Multi: eukarya
Which out of the eukarya group is unicellular?
Protists
Which domains have an absent nucleus or present nucleus?
Absent: archaea, bacteria
Present: eukarya
Which domains have a membrane bound organelle present or absent?
Absent: archaea, bacteria
Present: eukarya
What are the common themes that reveal the diverse forms of life?
1.) levels of biological info
2.) transfer and transformation of energy and matter
3.) expression and transmission of genetic info
4.) evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
Levels of organization in order ( starting from cellular level) (smallest to largest)
1.) atom
2.) molecule
3.) organelle
4.) cell
5.) tissue
6.) organ
7.) organ system
8.) organism
9.) population
10.) community
11.) ecosystem
12.) biosphere
What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
Cell
Give an example with how structure correlates to function.
Hummingbirds have flexible shoulder joints allowing their wings to rotate 180 degrees which enables backward flight and stationary hovering.
What are the two major processes in the ecosystem?
1.) energy flow
2.) chemical cycle
What is the major source of energy on the earth?
The sun
Light energy from the sun is converted by plants to _____ form of energy.
Glucose
When plants are eaten by animals, the _____ is converted to _____.
Chemical energy, ATP
During energy transformation, what energy is released?
Chemical energy
What organisms return the nutrients back to the environment?
Decomposers
What is a chromosome?
Thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins in the nucleus.
What composes chromosomes?
DNA and proteins
What is DNA?
Genetic info
What is a gene?
Specific sequence of DNA coding for a specific protein.
Chromosomes are located in what organelle in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus
What is gene expression?
Cells use info encoded in a gene to synthesize a functional protein.
What is transcription?
The process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence.
What is translation?
mRNA to protein
What is the product of gene expression?
Proteins
What is reproduction?
Biological processes in which new organisms are produced.
Describe how evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life?
- DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
- similarities between organisms are evident at all levels of the biological hierarchy.
In Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection published in 1859. What are the two main points?
1.) species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors.
2.) Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”.
What were the three observations of Darwin from nature?
1.) individuals in a population vary in their genes many of which are heritable.
2.) more offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable.
3.) species generally suit their environment.
Darwin called the process where the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits what?
Natural selection
Describe what you understand about “descent with modification from a common ancestor”.
A process in which species change and give rise to new species over many generations.
What are the evidences of evolution?
1.) fossil records
2.) comparative anatomy
3.) comparative embryology
4.) molecular biology
What are fossils? How are fossils used as evidence of evolution?
Records of the past and they are used as evidence of evolution to show us how organisms have changed over time to adapt to their environment.
The shared anatomy of mammalian limbs reflects what?
Descent with modification from a common ancestor.
The diversity of mammalian limbs results from what?
Natural selection
At the basic level, all living things share the same what?
1.) cellular organization
2.) DNA
3.) ability to reproduce
Compare the difference in amino acid composing hemoglobin of human to rhesus, dog, bird, and frog.
Rhesus: 5
Dog: 32
Bird: 45
Frog: 68
What is comparative embryology? How is comparative embryology used as evidence of evolution?
The study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different species and it is evidence that we all share a similar structure at an embryological level.
Name two things present in the early stages of vertebrate embryos.
Gill slits and an a tail
What is science? Biology is what type of science?
The pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence.
Natural science
Differentiate deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning: general to specific
Inductive reasoning: specific to general
The scientific method in order
1.) observation
2.) question
3.) hypothesis
4.) prediction
5.) experiment
6.) conclusion
What is a hypothesis? What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? If the hypothesis is valid, can the results be predicted?
A scientific guess
Testable, falsifiable, precise, simple and straightforward
Yes
Differentiate independent variable from dependent variable
Independent: factor changed in experiment
Dependent: factor observed or measured in the experiment
What is done to test the hypothesis?
Measuring and examining a random sample of the population being analyzed.
In the effects of light on seed germination, what sample groups are present in a controlled experiment? What sample group receives treatment? What sample group does not receive treatment? What is the conclusion?
Control- seed, experiment- light
Experiment
Control
Seeds will germinate more with light
What is a theory?
An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events.
What is scientific law?
A statement that describes an observable occurrence in nature that appears to always be true.
Why is water important to living things?
It is the biological medium on earth.
All living things require water more than any other substance
Most cells are surrounded by water and cells themselves are about 70-95% water
The abundance of water is the main reason the earth is habitable
What are the atoms composing a water molecule?
2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen
What type of bond joins the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?
Polar covalent bond
What is a hydrogen bond and how is it formed between neighboring water molecules?
A weak chemical bond
A weak static bond between a weak partial negative and a weak partial positive charge
Describe the arrangement of water molecules in solid, liquid, and gaseous state.
Solid: 3-4 H bonds, crystalline structure, hexagonal, less dense than liquid water
Liquid: more dense than solid water, 2-3 H bonds
Gas: 0-1 H bond, less dense than both
What are the unique properties of water?
1.) polar
2.) high specific heat
3.) high heat vaporization
4.) denser at 4 degrees C
5.) versatile solvent
What is meant by polar?
Unequal distribution of charges
What makes a water molecule polar?
One end is partially negative and the other end is partially positive. (Hydrogen bond)
What bonds are formed between water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds
What is cohesion?
The sticking together of the same molecules
What is adhesion
The sticking together of opposite molecules
What is surface tension?
A measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
What property of water made the insect (water strider) walk on the water?
High surface tension
What is the specific heat of a substance?
The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost if 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C
What are the effects of high specific heat of water and what is an example?
It helps regulate temperature and minimizes temperature fluctuations.
During the day in summer, water ABSORBS heat from WARM air and during the night in winter, water RELEASES. Heat to COLD air.
What is heat of vaporization?
The heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to a gas
What is evaporative cooling?
As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools.
What is an effect of evaporative cooling?
The air is cooled down
What is the global importance of high heat of vaporization of water?
It plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s temperature and climate.
What is the density of liquid water at 0 degrees C?
0.92 g/cm3
What is the density of liquid water at 4 degrees C?
1 g/cm3
What is the density of liquid water at 20 degrees C?
0.9982 g/cm3
Which is more dense, solid or liquid water? Differentiate the arrangement
Of water molecules in solid water and liquid water.
Liquid water
Solid water molecules are further apart and liquid water molecules are closer together
What happens to a can of soda if you leave it overnight in the freezer?
It expands. The volume increases
Why does ice float in liquid water?
It has a hexagonal structure which means it has more space between the molecules
If ice is heavier than liquid water, what do you think would happen to the life in the oceans and lakes?
All living things in the water would die when the water freezes in the winter because ice would freeze from the bottom up.
If ice is heavier than liquid water, what do you think would happen to the life in the oceans and lakes?
All living things in the water would die when the water freezes in the winter because ice would freeze from the bottom up.
Some types of mixtures and describe each.
Solution- homogeneous mixture ( salt and water mix)
Suspension- heterogeneous mixture (sand and water separate)
Colloid- stable suspension of fine particles suspend (oil and water)
What is a solvent?
Dissolving agent of a solution (water)
What is a solute?
Substance that is dissolved (salt)
In an aqueous solution, what is water?
The solvent
What is happening when NaCl dissolves in water?
Na and Cl separate and a hydration shell forms around each molecule.
What is a hydration shell?
When water surrounds an ion
What is pH?
-log[H+]
What is H+ and OH- concentrations of water? Differentiate an acid from a base.
Acid- any substance that dissociates in water to increase H+, donates hydrogen
Base- substance that combines with H+ dissolves in water and thus lowers the [H+]
If the substance is acidic, it has a greater concentration of _____ and lowers the concentration of _____.
H+, OH-
If the substance is basic, it has a greater concentration of _____ and a lower concentration of _____.
OH-, H+
What are buffers and explain how buffers resists change in pH?
Substance that resists changes in pH.
*releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added. (Acid)
*absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added. (Base)
Overall effect of keeping the pH relatively constant.
Blood has to maintain 7.4 pH
What consists of a biological buffer? How does the biological buffer maintain the pH of the blood?
Human body (base- sodium bicarbonate, acid- carbonic acid)
Hydronic ions are removed, preventing the pH of blood from becoming acidic and base absorbs hydrogen ions.
What primarily consists of the framework of biological molecules?
Carbon bonding to C, O, N, S, P, or H
*can form up to 4 covalent bonds
- hydrocarbons- molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
Differentiate organic compounds from inorganic compounds.
Organic: C-H bonds (ex. Glucose (C6H12O6))
Inorganic: without carbon or without C-H bonds (ex. Salt (NaCl), carbon dioxide (CO2))
Which of the following are organic or inorganic compounds?
C6H12O6
CO2
CH4
NaCl
Organic
Inorganic
Organic
Inorganic
Name the four important macromolecules.
1.) carbohydrates
2.) nucleic acids
3.) proteins
4.) lipids
Which of the four macromolecules are polymers? Which are not polymers?
Polymers: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins
Non-polymers: lipids
What is a polymer? And what are the building blocks of a polymer called?
A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.
Monomers
How many monomers are there and what are they?
3, dimer, trimer, and tetramer
What is a dimer?
Consists of 2 monomers
What is a trimer?
3 monomers
What is a tetramer?
4 monomers
What reaction builds a polymer? Is a water molecule added or removed?
Dehydration
Removed
What reaction breaks a polymer? Is a water molecule added or removed?
Hydrolysis
Added
Name three functions of carbohydrates.
1.) nutrients ( energy and source)
2.) storage (energy and source)
3.) structural support
Name three types of carbohydrates.
1.) monosaccharides (monomer) (if broken forms 1 H 2 C 1 O)
2.) disaccharides (dimer)
3.) polysaccharides ( 3 or more monosaccharides)
What is another name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugar
Give some examples of monosaccharides. Which are hexoses? Which are pentoses? What sugars are found in DNA and RNA?
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose
Hexose: glucose, fructose, galactose
Pentose: ribose, deoxyribose
DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose
Which sugar is blood sugar?
Glucose
Which sugar is fruit sugar?
Fructose
Which sugar is brain sugar?
Galactose
The structural formula of glucose can be in linear form or ring form. Take note of the numbering of the carbon atoms. Which is carbon? 1,2,3,4,5,6?
C6H12O6, 5 carbon
How many monosaccharides can make up a disaccharide? Name the reaction.
2
Dehydration
Give examples of disaccharides.
Glucose + fructose —> sucrose + H2O
Glucose + Glucose—> maltose + H2O
Glucose + galactose —> lactose + H2O
What sugar is table sugar?
Sucrose
What sugar is malt sugar?
Maltose
What sugar is milk sugar?
Lactose
Which of the sugars is the least common in nature and is present in germinating grains?
Maltose
What sugars compose maltose and sucrose? When disaccharides are synthesized, is water added or removed? Is it hydrolysis or dehydration?
Glucose and fructose
Added
Hydrolysis
What are polysaccharides?
Polymers of monosaccharides
What are the two types of polysaccharides?
Starch and glycogen
What are examples of storage polysaccharides?
Starch
What sugar units compose starch?
Amylose and amylopectin
What are the two types of starch? Differentiate the two?
Amylose: a 1-4 linkages, short branches
Amylopectin: a1-6 linkages, long branches
What organelles in plant cells store starch?
Cellulose (b 1-4)
What sugar units compose glycogen?
8-12 glucose
What organelle in animal cells store glycogen?
Amyloplasts, cytoplasm, mitochondria
What is the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?
Glycogen has shorter branches than amylopectin
What is an example of a structural polysaccharide?
Cellulose
What is the major component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What is the major component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
In what way is starch different from cellulose?
Starch is branched and cellulose is linear and unbranched
What are nucleic acids?
Polymers of mono nucleotides
What composes a mononucleotide?
DNA and RNA
The phosphate group is attached to what carbon number of the pentose sugar?
5’
What are the two types of nitrogenous bases?
1.) pyrimidines
2.) purines
What are the pyrimidines?
Cytosine, thymine, uracil
What are the purines?
Adenine and guanine
What nitrogenous base is present only in DNA? What is present only in RNA?
DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
Differentiate RNA and DNA.
DNA only has thymine and RNA only has uracil
How many strands are there in a DNA molecule?
2
What is meant by anti parallel?
Two strands run opposite beside each other like the double helix.
What is the structure of a DNA molecule?
Double helix
What is the specificity in base pairing?
A-T in DNA A-U in RNA
G-C
What are genes made of?
Sequences of DNA
