Final Exam Flashcards
Difference between Category, Class and Type in regards to airman certification.
Category: Broadest grouping of aircraft. (airplane, rotorcraft, glider, lighter than air, and powered lift).
Class: Each category, except glider and power lift, are broken down into a class.
- Airplane classes: such as single engine land, single engine sea, multi engine land and multi engine sea.
- Rotorcraft: Gyrohelicopter and gyroplane
- Lighter than air: Airship and Balloon.
Type: Designated the make and model of the aircraft.
Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM)
The art and science of managing all available resources prior and during flight to ensure succesfull completion of a flight.
Crew Resource Management (CRM)
A training that helps crew members recognize hazards and provide tools for them to eliminate hazards or minimize its impact.
Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)
A systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.
Hazardous Attitudes
Anti-Authority - displaying attitude of resentment when someone tells you what to do, or you regard rules and procedures as unnecessary.
Impulsivity - If you feel the need to act inmediately and do the first thing that comes to mind without considering the best solution to a problem.
Invulnerability - You are more likely to take chances and increase risk if you think accidents will not happen to you.
Macho - An attitude that might lead you to take risks trying to prove that you are better than anyone else.
Resignation - An attitude that makes you feel that no matter what you do it will have little effect on what happends to you.
Scuba Diving (Precautions)
Recommended waiting time before ascending to 8,000 feet MSL is at least 12 hours after a dive that has not required a controlled ascent, and at least 24 hours after a dive that has required a controlled ascent.
The waiting time before going to flight altitudes above 8,000 feet MSL should be at least 24 hours after any scuba dive.
Components of an airplane
- Fuselage - houses the cabin and cockpit, contains the controls fo rthe airplane, seats fot the occupants, and room for cargo.
- Wings - The part of the airplane that produces lift when air flows around them.
- Empennage - Is a surface that steady the airplane and help maintain a straight path through the air.
- Landing Gear - The landing gear supports the airplane while it is on the ground and also absorbs landing loads.
- Powerplant - Includes the engine and the propeller, the primary function of the engine is to provide the power to turn on the propeller.
Fuselage (Monoque vs Semi Monoque structure)
Monoque - its structure relies only on the skin or shell of the aircraft, with little or no internal framework.
Semi-Monoque - its structure relies on its skin and its skeleton (a substructure) to maintain shape and provide strength to the airframe.
Four Stroke Cycle
- Intake - an intake of fuel and air mixture is drawn into the combustion chamber.
- Compression - the fuel/air mixture is compressed.
- Power - A spark ignited the compressed mixture.
- Exhaust - the gases are expeled from the chamber.
Detonation vs. Preignition
Detonation - uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber.
Preignition - occurs when the fuel/air mixture is ignited in advance of the normal timed ignition.
Airworthiness Directives (AD)
Legally enforceable rules governed by FAR Part 39.
An AD could be a one-time fix for a defect, recurring maintenance or inspections to address a specific issue, or limitations on the operation of an aircraft.
Fuel Grades (color)
Are identified by octane, or performance number, and different grades are dyed different colors to that you can identify them.
Most common:
Avgas 100LL - Blue
Avgas 82UL - Purple
Gyroscopic Instruments (which are they)
- Altitude Indicator
- Turn Coordinator
- Heading Indicator
Pitot-Static Instruments
Instruments that rely on air pressure differences to measure speed and altitude.
Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter, and Vertical Speed Indicator use = Air Pressure
Airspeed Indicator is the only one of all that uses = Pitot Pressure
Types of altitude
- Indicated Altitude - Indicated altitude at the altimeter.
- True Altitude - This the height of the aircraft above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
- Absolute Altitude - This is the height of the aircraft Above Ground Level (AGL).
- Pressure Altitude - Is the height above the Standard Datum Plane (SDP).
- Density Altitude - Is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
Four forces of flight
- Lift
- Weight
- Thrust
- Drag
Newton’s Third Law
Every force applied to an object is opposed by an equal force in the opposite direction.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
What is an airfoil
Any surface that provides aerodynamic force when it interacts with a moving steam of air.
Types of Drag
Parasite Drag - caused by any aircraft surface that deflects or intereferes with the smooth airflow around the airplane.
- Form Drag - results from the turbulent wake
- Interference Drag - occurs when the airflow around one part of the airplane interacts with the airflow around an adjacent part.
- Skin Friction Drag - caused by the roughness of the airplane’s surfaces.
Induced Drag - generated by the airflow circulation aroung the wings as it created lift.
Three axes of flight
- Longitudinal
- Lateral
- Vertical
The common reference point for the three axes is the Center of Gravity (CG).
CG forward and Aft consequences
Forward:
- Longer Takeoff Roll
- Longer Landing Roll
- Higher Stall Speed
- Easier Stall Recovery
- Decreased Cruising Speed
Aft:
- Lower Stall Speed
- Reduced Elevator Authority
- Difficult Stall Recovery
- Faster Cruising Speed
Types of Spin
- Erect Spin - slightly nose down rolling and yawing motion in the same direction.
- Inverted Spin - likely to occur during aerobatic maneuvers.
- Flat Spin - the aircraft simply yaws about its vertical axis with a pitch attitude.
Phases of a Spin
- Incipient Spin - the airplane stalls and rotation starts.
- Fully Developed Spin - the airplane continues to rotate and the angular rates, airspeed, and vertical speed stabilized.
- Spin Recovey - final stage, occurs when anti-spin forces overcome pro-spin forces.
Visual Flight Rules vs. Instrument Flight Rules
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) - governed by specific FARs that include minimum cloud clearence and visibility requirements, also to weather minumums.
Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) - are rules that are established to govern flight operations in weather conditions.
Right of Way Rules
Apply when:
- Overtaking another aircraft
- Approaching another aircraft head-on
- Converging with another aircraft
An overtaking aircraft must pass the slower aircraft on the right and stay well clear.
If two aircraft are approaching each other head-on or nearly so, both aircraft must give way to the right.
When aircraft of the same category are converging, the aircraft to the right has the right-of-way.
Airport Signs (Direction, Mandatory Instruction, Location, Runway Distance Remaining, Information, Destination signs).
Direction Signs BY - indicate directions of taxiways leading out of an intersection. Black Inscriptions on a Yellow Background.
Mandatory Instruction Signs WR- denote an entrance to a runway, a critical area, or an area prohibited to aircraft. White Letters and Red Background.
Location Signs YB - identify either the taxiway or runway where your aircraft is located. Yellow Inscriptions and Black Background
Runway Distance Remaining Signs WB - provide distance remaining information to pilots during takeoff and landing operations. White Inscriptions and Black Background.
Information Signs BY - Advice you of such things as areas that cannot be seen from the control tower. Black Inscriptions and Yellow Backgrounds.
Destinations Signs BY - Indicate the general direction to a location on the airport. Black Inscriptions and Yellow Background.
Land and Hold Short (LAHSO)
An aircraft is cleared to land and stop on the runway, holding short of an intersecting runway, intersecting taxiway, or some other designated point on the runway.
