Airplane Perfomance (Chap8) + Navigation (Chap9) Flashcards
What is Maximum Zero Fuel Weight?
The maximum weight, excluding usable fuel.
All extra weight added must be in fuel weight only.
What is Standard Empty Weight?
Aircraft weight that consists of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that are permanently installed.
What is the Payload?
The weight of occupants, cargo, and baggage.
Anything that needs to pay to be there.
What is the Useful Load?
The weight of the pilot, copilot, baggage, usable fuel, and drainable oil.
What is Maximum Takeoff Weight?
The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
The ramp weight tends to be higher than the takeoff weight, since during procedures before takeoff the aircraft is burning fuel.
What is the Maximum Weight?
The maximum authorized weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment.
What is Maximum Takeoff Weight?
The maximum allowable weight for takeoff.
What is Maximum Landing Weight?
The greatest weight that an aicraft is normally allowed to have at landing.
What is Load Factor?
What are CG Limits?
The specified forward and aft points within which the CG must be located during flight.
If I’m within the Aft and Forward limits of the CG I’m in the OK zone.
What is Datum?
An imaginary vertical line use as reference for which all measurements of arm are taken.
What is Maximum Ramp Weight?
The maximum weight an aircraft can weight on the ramp priot to takeoff.
The max ramp weight tends to be higher than the max takeoff weight, since during procedures before takeoff the aircraft is burning fuel.
What is Moment?
The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm.
Weight X Arm = Moment
What is Station?
A location in the aircraft that is identified by a number designating its distance from the datum.
What is Useful Fuel?
The amount of fuel available for flight planning purposes.
Established by the POH.
What is the Fuel Load?
Includes only usable fuel, not fuel required to fill the lines or that remains trapped in the tank sumps.
What are the Standard Weights?
Are the established weights for numerous items.
Gas = 6 lbs/gallon
Oil = 7.5 lbs/gallon
What is Arm?
Horizontal distance in inches from the datum to the Center of Gravity (CG).
The distance from an item and the datum is called the Arm.
What is Center of Gravity?
The point in which an aircraft would balance if it were suspended at that point.
What is Basic Empty Weight?
Is the standard empty weight + weight of optional and special equipment.
EW + OEW + SEW = Basic Empty Weight
What are the Effects of Being Overweight in regards to aircraft performance?
- Higher Takeoff Speed
- Longer Takeoff Run
- Reduced Climb Rate
- Lower Max Altitude
- Shorter Max Range
- Slower Cruise Speed
- Reduced Maneuverability
- Higher Stall Speed
- Higher Landing Speed
- Longer Landing Roll
What are the Effects of having a forward CG?
- Longer Takeoff Roll
- Longer Landing Roll
- Higher Stall Speed
- Easier Stall Recovery
- Decreased Cruising Speed
What are the Effects of an Aft CG?
- Lower Stall Speed
- Reduced Elevator Authority
- Difficult Stall Recovery
- Faster Cruising Speed
What is a POH (Pilots Operating Handbook) and the name of each chapter?
Contains the performance or operational information of the Aicraft. That is the data pertaining the takeoff, climb, range, endurance, descent, and landing.
Where can you normally find the performance charts of your airplane?
In the Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) of the airplane or the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM).
What are the 5 types of Altitudes?
- Indicated Altitude
- True Altitude
- Absolute Altitude
- Pressure Altitude
- Density Altitude
Describe how density altitude affects aircraft performance?
As the density of the air increases (lower density altitude) aircraft performance increases.
As air density decreases (higher density altitude) aircraft performance decreases.
Define Absolute Altitude?
This is the height of the aircraft Above Ground Level (AGL).
Define True Altitude?
This the height of the aircraft above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Define Density Altitude?
Is pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature.
(International Standard Atmospheric Temperature {15 C} - Current Temperature) x 120 + Pressure Altitude = Density Altitude
Define Pressure Altitude?
Is the height above the Standard Datum Plane (SDP).
What Decreases Density Altitude?
Cooler Temperatures, Decrease Water Vapor, Increase Atmospheric Temperature.
What is Pilotage and Dead Reckoning Navigation?
Pilotage: Navigating by Visual Landmarks or what it is called VFR.
Dead Reckoning: Navigating through calculations and instruments based on Time, Speed, Distance, Direction.
Dead Reckoning is a valuable complement to pilotage and provides the basis for understanding other forms of navigation.
What does VOR stand for and primarily what is it use for?
Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Range.
Is a common radio navigation system used by pilots.
What are the different types of VOR?
VOR
VOR / DME
VORTAC
What are the service volumes?
- Low
From 1,000 feet AGL up to and including 18,000 feet AGL -> 40 NM
- High
From 1,000 feet AGL up and including 14,500 feet AGL -> 40 NM
From 14,500 feet AGL up to and 60,000 feet AGL -> 100 NM
From 18,000 feet AGL up to and including 45,000 feet AGL -> 130 NM
- Terminal
From 1,000 feet AGL up to and including 12,000 feet AGL -> 25 NM
What is GPS?
Global Positioning System
It consists of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth around 6 different orbital planes.
Meaning that there are 4 satellites on each orbital plane.
How many satellites are needed and for what type of information?
To calculate a 2D (LAT/Long) Position = 3
To calculate a 3D (LAT/Long and Altitude) = 4
To calculate RAIM = 5
Fault Detection and Exclusion = 6
What type of information is relayed from the GPS satellites to an aircrafts GPS receiver?
- ID (Number/Name)
- Position (LAT/Long)
- Time Code (Atomic Clock)
With this information the GPS Receiver calculates the aircraft’s position in space.
What is WAAS?
Wide Area Augmentation System
This system monitors the GPS Satellites for errors, correct those errors, and re-upload them to Geo-Stationary Satellites to be relayed to aircraft in flight.
Match the GPS functionality with the required number of satellites.
_ 2D (LAT/Long)
_ 3D (LAT/Long) and Altitude
_ RAIM
_ Fault Detection and Exclusion
a) 5
b) 4
c) 6
d) 3
How many satellites does the global positioning systems consists of?
24
What is LAAS?
Local Area Augmentation System, which provides precision approach capability.
What is RAIM and FDE?
RAIM - Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, which is the capability of a GPS Receiver to perform integrity monitoring on itself by ensuring available satellite signals to meet integrity requirements for a given phase of flight.
FDE - Fault Dectection and Exclusion, which is the ability of a GPS Receiver to exclude faulty satellite information.
What are some Flight Planning Considerations a Pilot must have?
- Fuel Requirements
- Weather and Alternate Airport
- Lost Procedures (emphasize on the 5 C)
Flight Planning Considerations
What are the Fuel Requirements for VFR Flights?
The FARs require that day VFR flights carry enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing at normal cruise speed and to fly after, for an additional 30 minutes.
At night is 45 minutes.
Flight Planning Considerations
Where could a pilot check Weather information or data?
- NOTAMS
- Weather Briefings (Standard, Abbrieviated, Outlook)
- Official vs Unofficial Sources
- DUATS
- FSS
Flight Planning Considerations
What should a Pilot have alternates for?
- Fuel
- Runway Lenghts
- Weather
- ATC Delays
Flight Planning Considerations
What are the Lost Procedures 5C?
- Climb
- Communicate
- Confess
- Comply
- Conserve
Extra: Common sense procedures.
What are the Chapter’s Names of the POH?
Section 1: General
Section 2: Limitations
Section 3: Emergency Procedures
Section 4: Normal Procedures
Section 5: Performance
Section 6: Weight and Balance
Section 7: Description and Operating of the Airplane and its System
Section 8: Airplane Handling, Servicing and Maintenance
Section 9: Supplements
Section 10: Operating Tips
