final exam

Question 1

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. They combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

Answer 1

Antibodies

Question 2

great tools in imaging and diagnostics because they are capable of detecting cellular proteins with high affinity and specificity. They can be easily linked to radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules or enzymes that tag specific biomarkers in patients. They also have a shorter half-life in the body which results in faster clearance and may result in fewer risks of side effects from potentially invasive diagnostic agents.

Answer 2

Fragment antibodies (Fab)

Question 3

a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Answer 3

cancer

Question 4

genetic material that causes cancer.

Answer 4

oncogenes

Question 5

The initiation of cancer. Most sensitive organs to radiation

Answer 5

Carcinogenesis.

Induced carcinogenesis are in: active bone marrow, thyroid, female breasts and lungs.

Question 6

localized tumor growth

Answer 6

Carcinoma in situ

Question 7

assessing the extent of tumor spread

Answer 7

tumor staging

Question 8

a cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the:

Answer 8

Hodgkins Lymphoma

Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 9

a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates in the B-cells. Common symptoms associated with lymphoma include painless enlargement of one or more lymph node areas, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Answer 9

B-cell lymphoma (carcinoma)

Question 10

the most common type of lymphoma and about 85% of all lymphomas in the United States

Answer 10

B-cell lymphoma

Question 11

An antibody is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.

Answer 11

Immunoglobulins

Heavy - IgM
regular - IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG
light - light chain dimers

Question 12

the major antibody found in “normal” human serum.

Answer 12

IgG

Question 13

the property where an antibody reacts with two or more antigens of similar structure.

Answer 13

Cross-Reactivity

Question 14

Murine

Answer 14

relating to or affecting mice or related rodents.

Question 15

These are made from mouse proteins, and the names of the treatments end in -omab. Murine mAbs are used to treat cancer because they can specifically target and find a cancer cell, attach themselves to it, and attack

Answer 15

Murine monoclonal antibody (mabs)

Question 16

proteins made in a laboratory meant to stimulate your immune system.

Answer 16

Monoclonal antibodies

Question 17

are risks and complications with monoclonal antibodies

Answer 17

rash, fever, rigors/chills, shortness of breath, sweating, changes in blood pressure and increased heart rate

Slowing down the infusion, decreasing the dose can help limit such react

Question 18

HAMA response

Answer 18

*Human Anti-Mouse Antibodies - monoclonal antibodies are produced from mouse cells which the human body recognizes as a foreign protein.

Question 19

is a type of cancer that starts in early nerve cells called neuroblasts

Answer 19

neuroblastoma

Question 20

a type of cancer that begins in your lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s germ-fighting immune system. - white blood cells called lymphocytes grow abnormally and can form growths (tumors) throughout the body

Answer 20

Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 21

is a personalized cancer treatment that combines radiation therapy with the precise targeting ability of immunotherapy, a treatment that mimics cellular activity in the body’s immune system.

Answer 21

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT)

10% rule

Question 22

a therapy involving the injection of radioactive fluid into the affected synovial joint capsule where it is trapped. This causes fibrosis in the area that destroys the inflamed and damaged collagen, which then regrows in a healthier manner.

Answer 22

Radiosynoviorthesis (RSV)

Question 23

a cyclic peptide well known for its strong regulatory effects throughout the body. Also known by the name of growth hormone inhibiting hormone, it is produced in many locations, which include the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, hypothalamus, and central nervous system (CNS).

Answer 23

Somatostatin

Question 24

RP for chronic infection

Answer 24

Ga67

Question 25

Ga67 infection imaging dose

Answer 25

4-6 mCi

Question 26

Imaging with Ga67

Answer 26

6 hours - 1 week

Question 27

How is Ga 67 produced

Answer 27

Cyclotron

Question 28

T1/2 Ga67

Answer 28

78 hours

Question 29

How does Ga67 decay

Answer 29

Electron capture

Question 30

Ga67 energy

Answer 30

93, 184, 296, 388

93 most abundant (39%)

Question 31

How is Ga67 excreted

Answer 31

Mostly bowel 9-15%

Question 32

Ga67 critical organ

Answer 32

Large intestine

Question 33

When can you start imaging with tech WBCs

Answer 33

1-2 hours

Question 34

What is tech WBCs best for

Answer 34

Acute infections, rapid info, peds

Question 35

What is combined with SC and why

Answer 35

In 111 for prosthetic infection, bone marrow shift

Question 36

In 111 critical organ

Answer 36

Liver

Question 37

In111 WBC dose

Answer 37

500 uCi

Question 38

In111 WBCs method of localization

Answer 38

Lipophilic and enters the white blood cell membrane

WBC migrates through chemotaxis

Question 39

In111 WBCs T1/2

Answer 39

67 hours (2.8 days)

Question 40

How is in111 produced

Answer 40

Accelerator

Question 41

How does indium 111 decay

Answer 41

Electron capture