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soc research methods > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

how many paragraphs should an essay have?

A

as many as it takes

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2
Q

what type of study demonstrates a causal relationship?

A

experiment

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3
Q

what are scientifically supported study strategies?

A

testing yourself
interweaving
learning to teach someone else

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4
Q

representative sample

A

I’m focused on picking people who represent the overall demographics

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5
Q

falsifiable

A

if there’s enough evidence you can prove it to be incorrect

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6
Q

random sample

A

everyone has the same chance of being picked

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7
Q

why is replication important?

A

we want other scientists to agree or validate our studies. validate what we found.

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8
Q

correlation coefficients

A

pos: as the temperature goes up the more ice cream people buy
0: what you have for breakfast and what you wear today
neg: as the weeks increase in number the amount of students coming to class go down

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9
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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10
Q

four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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11
Q

parietal lobe

A

senses. left side of brain controls right side of body.

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12
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing and speach

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13
Q

occipital lobe

A

in the back but controls your seeing

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14
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function and higher-order skills. complex thinking and math skills.

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15
Q

monozygotic/dizygotic twins

A

mono: comes from one egg, shares 100% of DNA.
di: comes from two eggs

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16
Q

amygdala

A

fear

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17
Q

if there are any differences between monozygotic twins, what must it be due to?

A

the environment

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18
Q

thalamus

A

relay center of the brain

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19
Q

three divisions of the brain

A

midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain

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20
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

natural selection

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21
Q

absolute threshold and difference threshold

A

absolute: minimum stimulus needed to detect something
difference: difference that needs to happen to the strength of the stimuli before you can detect it

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22
Q

hormones

A

go through bloodstream so slower effect than neurotransmitters

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23
Q

endorphins

A

natural pain killers

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24
Q

sex assigned at birth

A

determined by genes. male and female.

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25
Q

cones

A

colors

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26
Q

four parenting styles

A

authoritarian (helicopter parent)
authoritative
negligent/uninvolved
permissive

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27
Q

discrimination (classical conditioning)

A

something similar happens but they’re able to distinguish between the two sounds. Like when the dog hears a doorbell they don’t salivate.

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28
Q

extinction (classical conditioning)

A

when the association goes away

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29
Q

positive/negative (operant conditioning)

A

pos: add something new
neg: take something away

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30
Q

social learning theory

A

learned by observing and imitating others

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31
Q

olfaction

A

smell. chemical.

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32
Q

when does adolescence start?

A

puberty

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33
Q

gender

A

man and woman. gender is a cultural construct.

34
Q

rods

A

grey, black, and white

35
Q

gustation

A

taste. responds to chemicals

36
Q

pavlov’s experiment on classical conditioning

A

ring bell dog would salivate

37
Q

acquisition (classical conditioning)

A

when you gain the skill (the first time they salivate at the bell)

38
Q

generalization (classical conditioning)

A

if the doorbell rings but it’s not the bell they were trained with then they think all sounds that sound similar to the bell are their cue to start salivating

39
Q

punishment vs reinforcement

A

punishment: don’t do that anymore
reinforcement: do more of that

40
Q

gender identity

A

what you identify with

41
Q

zone of proximal development

A

area where you can learn something new but need help

42
Q

personality

A

pattern of the way you think and behave

43
Q

when are we more likely to be attracted to someone?

A

proximity
similar to you

44
Q

Solomon Asch’s conformity study

A

there was one participant but everyone else was apart of the research team and the whole group would answer the wrong question and the one participant would follow them even though it was obvious it was wrong

45
Q

stanley milligram’s study on obedience to authority

A

participants thought they were shocking people. they would want to stop but the “researcher” would tell them to continue.

46
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

Your own personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors all connect to each other.

47
Q

when are memories used for eye-witness testimony most likely to be accurate?

A

when you don’t get asked leading questions. and if recovered under hypnosis not accurate.

48
Q

Atkinson and shifrin’s 3 step memory model

A

sensory
short term
long term

49
Q

what is personality mainly determined by?

A

genetics

50
Q

what is correlated with longer-lasting relationships?

A

supporting your partner
having more pos than neg interactions
being vulnerable
sharing responsibilities

51
Q

stereotype

A

generalized beliefs that are usually not true about a population

52
Q

informative/normative social influence

A

normative: i want to be seen as normal so I follow what everyone else does
informative: maybe other people know something I don’t know

53
Q

bystander effect

A

if someone trips and no one else is around to help then you’ll help. but if there are other people are around you don’t help because you think someone else will help.

54
Q

are repressed memories real?

A

there’s no good evidence saying it is

55
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

the world is just. if youre goood, good things will come to you. if you’re bad, bad things will come to you.

56
Q

what three factors compose prejudice?

A

discrimination
stereotypes
negative emotions

57
Q

social identity theory?

A

idea that we base a lot of our identity on our social groups

58
Q

big 5 personality traits

A

openess to experience
consciensness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism/ emotional instability

59
Q

what two things lead to prejudice?

A

ingroup outgroup bias
just world phenomenon

60
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

thinking somone is a bad driver for swerving but you don’t know the actual situation that caused them to do that

61
Q

4 D’s of psychopathology

A

danger
deviance
distress
dysfunction

62
Q

what are eating disorders really about?

A

control

63
Q

what are dissociative disorders almost always the result of?

A

trauma

64
Q

what are the two most common psychological disorders?

A

generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder

65
Q

neurodevelopmental disorder

A

ADHD
autism spectrum disorder

66
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

someone not having empathy for others
disregarding rights of other people
not aligning with moral agreements of society

67
Q

schizophrenia

A

experience hallucinations

68
Q

medical model of psychological disorders

A

not a moral failing its something everyone can get and treated with the right approach

69
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

flashbacks, depressed moods, unwelcomed thoughts

70
Q

mania

A

hypomania: less than full-blown mania like not sleeping much
full mania: very unsafe like driving way over the speed limit

71
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

someone not able to control themselves. have different brain structures than others. not a moral situation.

72
Q

autism spectrum disorder?

A

deficits in social situations and repetitive or restrictive behaviors

73
Q

is therapy effective?

A

yes

74
Q

therapeutic orientation

A

your style of therapy. the way you approach therapy.

75
Q

what accounts for most change in therapy?

A

outside factors

76
Q

what are the APA ethical codes for?

A

have to abide by them

77
Q

insight-based therapies

A

help people understand themselves better

78
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

about changing behaviors and thoughts

79
Q

dodo bird verdict

A

all theories are as effective as the next one

80
Q

what three things are common to all psychotherapies?

A

forming a therapeutic alliance
generating hope
gaining new perspectives

81
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

you will respect and not judge clients no matter what they say

soc research methods (5 decks)

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