final exam Flashcards
how many paragraphs should an essay have?
as many as it takes
what type of study demonstrates a causal relationship?
experiment
what are scientifically supported study strategies?
testing yourself
interweaving
learning to teach someone else
representative sample
I’m focused on picking people who represent the overall demographics
falsifiable
if there’s enough evidence you can prove it to be incorrect
random sample
everyone has the same chance of being picked
why is replication important?
we want other scientists to agree or validate our studies. validate what we found.
correlation coefficients
pos: as the temperature goes up the more ice cream people buy
0: what you have for breakfast and what you wear today
neg: as the weeks increase in number the amount of students coming to class go down
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
four lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
parietal lobe
senses. left side of brain controls right side of body.
temporal lobe
hearing and speach
occipital lobe
in the back but controls your seeing
frontal lobe
executive function and higher-order skills. complex thinking and math skills.
monozygotic/dizygotic twins
mono: comes from one egg, shares 100% of DNA.
di: comes from two eggs
amygdala
fear
if there are any differences between monozygotic twins, what must it be due to?
the environment
thalamus
relay center of the brain
three divisions of the brain
midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain
evolutionary psychology
natural selection
absolute threshold and difference threshold
absolute: minimum stimulus needed to detect something
difference: difference that needs to happen to the strength of the stimuli before you can detect it
hormones
go through bloodstream so slower effect than neurotransmitters
endorphins
natural pain killers
sex assigned at birth
determined by genes. male and female.
cones
colors
four parenting styles
authoritarian (helicopter parent)
authoritative
negligent/uninvolved
permissive
discrimination (classical conditioning)
something similar happens but they’re able to distinguish between the two sounds. Like when the dog hears a doorbell they don’t salivate.
extinction (classical conditioning)
when the association goes away
positive/negative (operant conditioning)
pos: add something new
neg: take something away
social learning theory
learned by observing and imitating others
olfaction
smell. chemical.
when does adolescence start?
puberty
gender
man and woman. gender is a cultural construct.
rods
grey, black, and white
gustation
taste. responds to chemicals
pavlov’s experiment on classical conditioning
ring bell dog would salivate
acquisition (classical conditioning)
when you gain the skill (the first time they salivate at the bell)
generalization (classical conditioning)
if the doorbell rings but it’s not the bell they were trained with then they think all sounds that sound similar to the bell are their cue to start salivating
punishment vs reinforcement
punishment: don’t do that anymore
reinforcement: do more of that
gender identity
what you identify with
zone of proximal development
area where you can learn something new but need help
personality
pattern of the way you think and behave
when are we more likely to be attracted to someone?
proximity
similar to you
Solomon Asch’s conformity study
there was one participant but everyone else was apart of the research team and the whole group would answer the wrong question and the one participant would follow them even though it was obvious it was wrong
stanley milligram’s study on obedience to authority
participants thought they were shocking people. they would want to stop but the “researcher” would tell them to continue.
reciprocal determinism
Your own personal factors, environmental influences, and behaviors all connect to each other.
when are memories used for eye-witness testimony most likely to be accurate?
when you don’t get asked leading questions. and if recovered under hypnosis not accurate.
Atkinson and shifrin’s 3 step memory model
sensory
short term
long term
what is personality mainly determined by?
genetics
what is correlated with longer-lasting relationships?
supporting your partner
having more pos than neg interactions
being vulnerable
sharing responsibilities
stereotype
generalized beliefs that are usually not true about a population
informative/normative social influence
normative: i want to be seen as normal so I follow what everyone else does
informative: maybe other people know something I don’t know
bystander effect
if someone trips and no one else is around to help then you’ll help. but if there are other people are around you don’t help because you think someone else will help.
are repressed memories real?
there’s no good evidence saying it is
just-world phenomenon
the world is just. if youre goood, good things will come to you. if you’re bad, bad things will come to you.
what three factors compose prejudice?
discrimination
stereotypes
negative emotions
social identity theory?
idea that we base a lot of our identity on our social groups
big 5 personality traits
openess to experience
consciensness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism/ emotional instability
what two things lead to prejudice?
ingroup outgroup bias
just world phenomenon
fundamental attribution error
thinking somone is a bad driver for swerving but you don’t know the actual situation that caused them to do that
4 D’s of psychopathology
danger
deviance
distress
dysfunction
what are eating disorders really about?
control
what are dissociative disorders almost always the result of?
trauma
what are the two most common psychological disorders?
generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
neurodevelopmental disorder
ADHD
autism spectrum disorder
antisocial personality disorder
someone not having empathy for others
disregarding rights of other people
not aligning with moral agreements of society
schizophrenia
experience hallucinations
medical model of psychological disorders
not a moral failing its something everyone can get and treated with the right approach
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
flashbacks, depressed moods, unwelcomed thoughts
mania
hypomania: less than full-blown mania like not sleeping much
full mania: very unsafe like driving way over the speed limit
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
someone not able to control themselves. have different brain structures than others. not a moral situation.
autism spectrum disorder?
deficits in social situations and repetitive or restrictive behaviors
is therapy effective?
yes
therapeutic orientation
your style of therapy. the way you approach therapy.
what accounts for most change in therapy?
outside factors
what are the APA ethical codes for?
have to abide by them
insight-based therapies
help people understand themselves better
cognitive-behavioral therapy
about changing behaviors and thoughts
dodo bird verdict
all theories are as effective as the next one
what three things are common to all psychotherapies?
forming a therapeutic alliance
generating hope
gaining new perspectives
unconditional positive regard
you will respect and not judge clients no matter what they say
